The Influence of Soap on Starch-Pigment Coated Paper

A literature survey is presented concerning the effects of soap on the rheological properties of coatings, and upon the physical properties of the coated paper. The influence of sodium, ammonium, and calcium stearates is investigated, and it is found that soaps produce desirable effects upon both the flow properties of coating colors and the physical properties of the coated paper. The experimental results indicate that sodium stearate is superior to either ammonium or calcium stearate, in that all of the properties tested for are either enhanced or remain about the same when sodium soap is added to the coating, whereas the ammonium and calcium soaps produce both desirable and deleterious effects

Preparatory studies of zero-g cloud drop coalescence experiment

Experiments to be performed in a weightless environment in order to study collision and coalescence processes of cloud droplets are described. Rain formation in warm clouds, formation of larger cloud drops, ice and water collision processes, and precipitation in supercooled clouds are among the topics covered

Evaluation of data obtained from atmospheric laser Doppler velocimeter

The Doppler lidar velocimeter produces a variety of kinds of data. Besides the line of sight velocity components, there are the reflected amplitudes and the Doppler widths. Computer graphics software for displaying these data was produced. Different methods of presentation are needed for the various items. A picture was produced as pictures are often the best way to gain understanding. The individual lidar scans form a crosshatch pattern. Thus one-dimensional measurements fit together to form a two-dimensional whole. A pair of velocity measurements at a point combine to form a wind measurement with direction and magnitude. This gives a forest of wind vectors. The goal is to find a recognizable pattern to these trees. Often it is necessary to show only part of the information. That is, show only the wind direction not its magnitude or reduce the wind to streamlines of air flow. In other cases data are reduced to contour plots. Just enough contour lines are included to show the picture described

An inertial velocity reference for the NASA airborne Doppler lidar

The following four tasks were studied: (1) modification of the calibration routines to calibrate the Inertial Measurement Unit gyroscope drifts with fixed platform heading; (2) modification of the calibration routines to calibrate the Inertial Measurement Unit accelerometers; (3) checking overall software again for errors; and (4) providing documentation on the above work describing changes to the present software, results of these changes and future operating procedures

3D occlusion recovery using few cameras

We present a practical framework for detecting and modeling 3D static occlusions for wide-baseline, multi-camera scenarios where the number of cameras is small. The framework consists of an iterative learning procedure where at each frame the occlusion model is used to solve the voxel occupancy problem, and this solution is then used to update the occlusion model. Along with this iterative procedure, there are two contributions of the proposed work: (1) a novel energy function (which can be minimized via graph cuts) specifically designed for use in this procedure, and (2) an application that incorporates our probabilistic occlusion model into a 3D tracking system. Both qualitative and quantitative results of the proposed algorithm and its incorporation with a 3D tracker are presented for support. 1

Quantitative imaging of the 3-D distribution of cation adsorption sites in undisturbed soil

Several studies have shown that the distribution of cation adsorption sites (CASs) is patchy at a millimetre to centimetre scale. Often, larger concentrations of CASs in biopores or aggregate coatings have been reported in the literature. This heterogeneity has implications on the accessibility of CASs and may influence the performance of soil system models that assume a spatially homogeneous distribution of CASs. In this study, we present a new method to quantify the abundance and 3-D distribution of CASs in undisturbed soil that allows for investigating CAS densities with distance to the soil macropores. We used X-ray imaging with Ba²⁺ as a contrast agent. Ba²⁺ has a high adsorption affinity to CASs and is widely used as an index cation to measure the cation exchange capacity (CEC). Eight soil cores (approx. 10 cm³) were sampled from three locations with contrasting texture and organic matter contents. The CASs of our samples were saturated with Ba²⁺ in the laboratory using BaCl₂ (0.3 mol L⁻¹). Afterwards, KCl (0.1 mol L⁻¹) was used to rinse out Ba²⁺ ions that were not bound to CASs. Before and after this process the samples were scanned using an industrial X-ray scanner. Ba²⁺ bound to CASs was then visualized in 3-D by the difference image technique. The resulting difference images were interpreted as depicting the Ba²⁺ bound to CASs only. The X-ray image-derived CEC correlated significantly with results of the commonly used ammonium acetate method to determine CEC in well-mixed samples. The CEC of organic-matter-rich samples seemed to be systematically overestimated and in the case of the clay-rich samples with less organic matter the CEC seemed to be systematically underestimated. The results showed that the distribution of the CASs varied spatially within most of our samples down to a millimetre scale. There was no systematic relation between the location of CASs and the soil macropore structure. We are convinced that the approach proposed here will strongly aid the development of more realistic soil system models

Twisted algebra R-matrices and S-matrices for bn(1)b_n^{(1)} affine Toda solitons and their bound states

We construct new $U_q(a^{(2)}_{2n-1})$ and $U_q(e^{(2)}_6)$ invariant $R$-matrices and comment on the general construction of $R$-matrices for twisted algebras. We use the former to construct $S$-matrices for $b^{(1)}_n$ affine Toda solitons and their bound states, identifying the lowest breathers with the $b^{(1)}_n$ particles.Comment: Latex, 24 pages. Various misprints corrected. New section added clarifying relationship between R-matrices and S-matrice

Toward the Development of a Quick, Reliable Assessment Tool for Reflective Journals

Reflective practice, including reflective writing, can facilitate enriched learning, especially when implemented as part of a service-learning (SL) experience. Reflection is a central component of service-learning (SL) experiences. Students’ reflective abilities are often measured through reflective journaling; however, assessment of students’ reflective journals is not always efficient and straightforward. The goal of the present study was to establish a simple, reliable, and relatively quick tool for use by busy college instructors seeking to encourage students’ deep learning through reflective writing. A total of 258 reflective journals from 43 graduate students in speech-language pathology were evaluated by three raters using a three-tier assessment framework (nonreflection, reflection, and critical reflection) after Mezirow (1990) and Plack et al. (2005). Although previous studies found moderate to high interrater agreement and reliability, the current study did not support this finding. Strengths and weaknesses of the assessment framework and qualitative observations of the assessment process are discussed