Effects of galactic magnetic field on the UHECR correlation studies with starburst galaxies

We estimate the biases caused by the coherent deflection of cosmic rays due to the Galactic magnetic field (GMF) in maximum-likelihood analysis for searches of ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) sources in the literature. We simulate mock event datasets with a set of assumptions for the starburst galaxy (SBG) source model (arXiv:1801.06160), coherent deflection by a GMF model (arXiv:1204.3662,arXiv:1210.7820), and mixed-mass composition (arXiv:1901.03338); we then conduct a maximum-likelihood analysis without accounting for the GMF in the same manner as previous studies. We find that the anisotropic fraction $f_{\rm ani}$ is estimated systematically lower than the true value. We estimate the true parameters which are compatible with the best-fit parameters reported in (arXiv:1801.06160), and find that except for a narrow region with a large anisotropic fraction and small separation angular scale a wide parameter space is still compatible with the experimental results. We also develop a maximum-likelihood method that takes into account the GMF model and confirm in the MC simulations that we can estimate the true parameters within a 1$\sigma$ contour under the ideal condition that we know the event-by-event mass and the GMF

Exploration of glassy state in Prussian blue analogues

Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) are archetypes of microporous coordination polymers/metal–organic frameworks whose versatile composition allows for diverse functionalities. However, developments in PBAs have centred solely on their crystalline state, and the glassy state of PBAs has not been explored. Here we describe the preparation of the glassy state of PBAs via a mechanically induced crystal-to-glass transformation and explore their properties. The preservation of short-range metal–ligand–metal connectivity is confirmed, enabling the framework-based functionality and semiconductivity in the glass. The transformation also generates unconventional CN(−) vacancies, followed by the reduction of metal sites. This leads to significant porosity enhancement in recrystallised PBA, enabled by further accessibility of isolated micropores. Finally, mechanical stability under stress for successful vitrification is correlated to defect contents and interstitial water. Our results demonstrate how mechanochemistry provides opportunities to explore glassy states of molecular framework materials in which the stable liquid state is absent

Genetic Polymorphisms of the Human PNPLA3 Gene Are Strongly Associated with Severity of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Japanese

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a broad range of liver pathologies from simple steatosis to cirrhosis and fibrosis, in which a subtype accompanying hepatocyte degeneration and fibrosis is classified as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH accounts for approximately 10-30% of NAFLD and causes a higher frequency of liver-related death, and its progression of NASH has been considered to be complex involving multiple genetic factors interacting with the environment and lifestyle.To identify genetic factors related to NAFLD in the Japanese, we performed a genome-wide association study recruiting 529 histologically diagnosed NAFLD patients and 932 population controls. A significant association was observed for a cluster of SNPs in PNPLA3 on chromosome 22q13 with the strongest p-value of 1.4 × 10(-10) (OR = 1.66, 95%CI: 1.43-1.94) for rs738409. Rs738409 also showed the strongest association (p = 3.6 × 10(-6)) with the histological classifications proposed by Matteoni and colleagues based on the degree of inflammation, ballooning degeneration, fibrosis and Mallory-Denk body. In addition, there were marked differences in rs738409 genotype distributions between type4 subgroup corresponding to NASH and the other three subgroups (p = 4.8 × 10(-6), OR = 1.96, 95%CI: 1.47-2.62). Moreover, a subgroup analysis of NAFLD patients against controls showed a significant association of rs738409 with type4 (p = 1.7 × 10(-16), OR = 2.18, 95%CI: 1.81-2.63) whereas no association was obtained for type1 to type3 (p = 0.41). Rs738409 also showed strong associations with three clinical traits related to the prognosis of NAFLD, namely, levels of hyaluronic acid (p = 4.6 × 10(-4)), HbA1c (p = 0.0011) and iron deposition in the liver (p = 5.6 × 10(-4)).With these results we clearly demonstrated that Matteoni type4 NAFLD is both a genetically and clinically different subset from the other spectrums of the disease and that the PNPLA3 gene is strongly associated with the progression of NASH in Japanese population

コウレイシャ テンカン ノ モンシンヒョウ ニヨル ソウキ ハッケン : ニンチショウ トノ カンレン ニオイテ

本研究の目的は高齢者てんかんを問診票の活用により、物忘れ外来を含む高齢者複合施設における高齢者てんかんの実態を明らかにすることにある。物忘れ外来を含む高齢者複合施設を調査期間中に利用した417名を対象に、高齢者てんかん問診票を用い、てんかん有病率を算出した。また、新規に高齢者てんかんと判定された者の特徴を記述した。その結果、すでにてんかんの診断ありが7名（1.7%）、問診票の回答内容からてんかんの疑いありは33名（7.9%）、その中から医師の診断により新規に高齢者てんかんが判定された者は14名（3.0%）であった。施設別有病率では、物忘れ外来7名（5.0%）、ショートステイ利用者、グループホーム入所者は2割前後であった。新規に高齢者てんかんと判定された者の問診項目では、意識減損がもっとも多かった。さらに、新規にてんかんが判明したすべての者が何らかの認知症を有していた。本研究により物忘れ外来を含む高齢者複合施設において、高齢者てんかんが潜在していることが明らかとなり、これらの早期発見のため高齢者てんかんの問診票の必要性が示された

Alternatives to Subcutaneous Immunotherapy for Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an important public health issue worldwide due to its increasing prevalence and impact on quality of life, school performance, and work productivity. Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) is used to treat AR and involves repeated injections of allergen extracts. SCIT is used for cases of severe AR with symptoms that are not adequately controlled by medication, when the side effects of medication limit treatment options, or where the aim is to cure rather than symptomatically treat. Although SCIT is effective, it is not necessarily curative. Furthermore, there is also a low but present risk of systemic allergic reactions, with systemic side effects occurring in less than 0–1% of treated patients. Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has emerged as an effective and safe alternative to SCIT. SCIT and SLIT are the only immunotherapies currently available for AR. In addition to sublingual administration as an alternative to SCIT, other routes of antigen administration have been attempted with the goal of increasing safety while maintaining efficacy. This review discusses the efficacies of SCIT and SLIT, their mechanisms, the utility of intralymphatic immunotherapy (ILIT) as an alternative route of antigen administration, and the potential for immunotherapy using other routes of antigen administration