Getting Jobs, Keeping Jobs, and Earning a Living Wage: Can Welfare Reform Work?

Most discussions of welfare and work have focused on how demographic characteristics, schooling, training, and work experience limit welfare mothers’ employment and wages, but they have largely ignored factors such as inappropriate workplace behaviors, expectations of discrimination and harassment, depression, alcoholism, and domestic violence, all of which may affect welfare mothers and make employment difficult. In this paper we review the prevalence of these individual-level barriers and argue that they, in combination with an economy which does not pay low-skill workers well, are likely to impede employment and self-sufficiency for a large proportion of welfare mothers. At the end of the review, we summarize the current state of knowledge about barriers to the employment of welfare recipients and suggest several ways in which welfare-to-work programs might address these barriers.

Amostragem genética em populações de pupunha integrantes do programa de melhoramento coordenado pela Embrapa Florestas.

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Barriers to the Employment of Welfare Recipients

Dramatic reductions in welfare caseloads since passage of the Personal Responsibility and WorkOpportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 have not allayed policy concerns about the employability of recipients remaining on the rolls. Analysis of potential barriers to employment can address whether current recipients have problems that either singly or in combination make it difficult for them to comply with the new requirements for getting and keeping jobs. In this paper, we explore the prevalence and work effects of 14 potential barriers in a new survey of a representative sample of 753 urban single-mother recipients. We report the prevalence of the barriers and how their number predicts employment rates, controlling for demographic characteristics. We also analyze which individual barriers are associated with employment and how a model inclusive of a comprehensive array of barriers improves upon a traditional human capital model of the work effects of education and work and welfare history. Single mothers who received welfare in 1997 had higher rates of personal health and mental health problems, domestic violence, and children’s health problems than do women in national samples, but they were no more likely than the general population to be drug or alcohol dependent. Only 15 percent of respondents had none of the barriers and almost two-thirds had two or more barriers. The numbers of multiple barriers were strongly and negatively associated with working, and among the individual barriers, low education, lack of access to transportation, poor health, having drug dependence or a major depressive disorder, and several experiences of workplace discrimination reduced employment. Welfare-to-work programs need to be more finely targeted with respect to exemptions and service provision, and states should consider providing longer-term and enhanced supports for those who face low prospects of leaving welfare for employment.

OAO-3 end of mission tests report

Twelve engineering type tests were performed on several subsystems and experiment(s) of the OAO 3 spacecraft near its end of mission. The systems tested include: Princeton experiment package (PEP), fine error system guidance, inertial reference unit, star trackers, heat pipes, thermal control coatings, command and data handling, solar array; batteries, and onboard processor/power boost regulator. Generally, the systems performed well for the 8 1/2 years life of OAO 3, although some degradation was noted in the sensitivity of PEP and in the absorptivity of the skin coatings. Battery life was prolonged during the life of the mission in large part by carefully monitoring the charge-discharge cycle with careful attention not to overcharge

Pericardial Fat Is Associated with Coronary Artery Calcification in Non-Dialysis Dependent Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

Pericardial fat (PF) a component of visceral adipose tissue has been consistently related to coronary atherosclerosis in the general population. This study evaluated the association between PF and coronary artery calcification (CAC) in non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. This is a post-hoc cross sectional analysis of the baseline of a prospective cohort of 117 outward CKD patients without manifest coronary artery disease (age, 56.9 +/- 11.0 years, 64.1% males, 95.1% hypertensives, 25.2% diabetics, 15.5% ever smokers, CKD stage 2 to 5 with estimated glomerular filtration rate 36.8 +/- 18.1 ml/min). CAC scores, PF volume and abdominal visceral fat (AVF) areas were measured by computed tomography. the association of PF as a continuous variable with the presence of CAC was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. CAC (calcium score >0) was present in 59.2% patients. Those presenting CAC were on average 10 years older, had a higher proportion of male gender (78.7% vs. 42.9%, p<0.001), and had higher values of waist circumference (95.9 +/- 10.7 vs. 90.2 +/- 13.2 cm, p=0.02), PF volumes (224.8 +/- 107.6 vs. 139.1 +/- 85.0 cm(3), p<0.01) and AVF areas (109.2 +/- 81.5 vs. 70.2 +/- 62.9 cm(2), p=0.01). in the multivariate analysis, adjusting for age, gender, diabetes, smoking and, left ventricular concentric hypertrophy, PF was significantly associated with the presence of CAC (OR: 1.88 95% CI: 1.03-3.43 per standard deviation). PF remained associated with CAC even with additional adjustments for estimated glomerular filtration rate or serum phosphorus (OR: 1.85 95% CI: 1.00-3.42, p=0.05). PF is independently associated with CAC in non-dialysis dependent CKD patients.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Univ São Paulo, Sch Med, Lipid Clin Heart Inst InCor, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Nephrol, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Sch Med, Cardiovasc Magnet Resonance & Computed Tomog Sect, Heart Inst InCor, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Nephrol, São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 2011/14201-2Web of Scienc

Programa de melhoramento genético de pupunha na Embrapa, IAC e INPA.

Estado da arte; Recursos genéticos; Estratégias de melhoramento; Desenvolvimento experimental.bitstream/item/30975/1/Doc205.pd

Componentes de variância, ganhos genéticos e interações genótipos/ambientes em progênies de pupunha no Estado do Paraná.

Resumo

Projeto palmito de pupunha: uma alternativa sustentável para o aproveitamento de áreas abandonadas pela agricultura no Domínio da Mata Atlântica.

O Brasil é considerado um dos maiores produtores e consumidores de palmito do mundo. Cerca de 95% do palmito consumido é produzido no país. Esse fator comercial poderia significar apenas lucros, mas não é bem assim. Por ser altamente explorado e, muitas vezes, de forma irregular, esse tipo de produção acelera a exploração desenfreada de espécies nativas, contribuindo para a sua extinção.Organizado por Patricia Póvoa de Mattos, Luciane Cristine Jaques e Katia Regina Pichelli