THE DIFFICULTIES OF POST-ORPHANAGE MAINTENANCE OF ORPHAN-ALUMNUSES WHO WERE LEFT WITHOUT PARENT’S CARE

В статье представлена актуальность постинтернатного сопровождения детей-сирот и детей, оставшихся без попечения родителей, рассматриваются проблемы, препятствующие подготовке воспитанников организаций для детей-сирот к самостоятельной жизни, а также возможные варианты решения этих проблем. In this article is the currency of post-orphanage maintenance of orphans and careless children. The authors discuss the problems which hinderintegrating into society for alumnuses in orphanages and offer possible resolutions

Rhenium and yttrium ions as antimicrobial agents against multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii biofilms

© 2019 The Authors. Letters in Applied Microbiology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for Applied Microbiology. Antimicrobial resistance presents major global concerns to patient health. In this study, metal ions of molybdenum, rhenium, yttrium and thallium were tested against bacteria in planktonic and biofilm form using one strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii. The antimicrobial efficacy of the metal ions was evaluated against the planktonic bacterial strains using minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations, whilst the efficacy of the metal ions against biofilms was tested using a crystal violet biofilm assay. Live Dead staining was used to visualize the antimicrobial activity elicited by the metal ions on the bacterial cell. The results showed that higher concentrations of the metals were required to inhibit the growth of biofilms (72·9 mg l −1 to 416·7 mg l −1 ), in comparison to their planktonic counterparts. MICs of the metal ions (<46·9 mg l −1 ) (planktonic cells) did not affect biofilm formation. Overall, rhenium and yttrium were effective antimicrobial agents. Molybdenum demonstrated the greatest level of biotoxicity. When taking into account these results and the known toxicity of thallium, it is possible that rhenium or yttrium ions could be developed as effective biocidal formulations in order to prevent transmission in healthcare environments. Significance and Impact of the Study: The metal ions, molybdenum, rhenium, thallium and yttrium were tested against both Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii in planktonic and biofilm forms. This research demonstrated that all the metal ions may be effective antimicrobial agents. However, molybdenum induced high levels of cytotoxicity, whilst, there was no significant difference in the toxicity of the other metal ions tested. When considering the results for the antimicrobial efficacy and biotoxicity of the metal ions, in conjunction with the known toxicity of thallium in certain chemical compositions, it was concluded that overall rhenium or yttrium ions may be effective antimicrobial agents, one potential application may be utilizing these metal ions in hospital surface cleaning formulations

Energetic particle influence on the Earth's atmosphere

This manuscript gives an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the effects of energetic particle precipitation (EPP) onto the whole atmosphere, from the lower thermosphere/mesosphere through the stratosphere and troposphere, to the surface. The paper summarizes the different sources and energies of particles, principally galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), solar energetic particles (SEPs) and energetic electron precipitation (EEP). All the proposed mechanisms by which EPP can affect the atmosphere are discussed, including chemical changes in the upper atmosphere and lower thermosphere, chemistry-dynamics feedbacks, the global electric circuit and cloud formation. The role of energetic particles in Earth’s atmosphere is a multi-disciplinary problem that requires expertise from a range of scientific backgrounds. To assist with this synergy, summary tables are provided, which are intended to evaluate the level of current knowledge of the effects of energetic particles on processes in the entire atmosphere

Neurophthalmicaspects ofcerebral aneurysm clinical manifestations

Objective – is to investigate the characteristics of neurophthalmic symptoms of patients with cerebral arterial aneurysm (AA). Materials and methods. The results of examination of 70 patients (38 (54.3 %) women and 32 (45.7 %) men) with AA were analyzed, which were on treatment in the period from 2013 to 2016. The complex examination of patients according to the «Algorithm of rendering medical care to a patient with acute impairment of cerebral circulation according to the SAK type» (Appendix to the order of the Ministry of Health No. 317 of 13-06-2008) in groups was conducted. Group 1 (Gr. 1) – 13 (18.6 %) patients had pseudotumorous type of clinical manifestations of the disease, group 2 (Gr. 2) – 57 (81.4 %) patients were in acute period (up to 30 day) of hemorrhagic stroke as a result of rupture of the AA. Neurophthalmic examination included clinical and neurological examination, visometry, perimetry, biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy. Results. Persistent impairment of visual function after the treatment was revealed in 16 (23 %) from 70 (100 %) patients (Gr. 1 – in 8 (61.5 %) from 13 patients--------- 12 eyes; Gr. 2 – in 8 (14 %) from 57 patients – 16 eyes). For Gr. 1 a gradual decrease in visual acuity from 3 months to 2 years was characteristic. In 43 (75.4 %) patients from Gr. 2 were observed «transient» impairments of visual functions at least during 1 year before the hemorrhagic manifestation of disease. In moment of AA rupture, visual impairments in all patients occurred suddenly: ahemophthalmia – in 2 patients (2 eyes), bilateral hemorrhagic (central) retinitis – in 1 patient (2 eyes), bilateral stagnant discs optic nerves in the initial stage – in 2 patients (4 eyes), unilateral posterior optical ischemic neuropathy – in 3 patients (3 eyes) – totally 8 (14 %) patients. Oculomotor disorders of a transitory nature in Gr. 2 were caused by the lesion of the oculomotor, block and deflecting cranial nerves in 35 (61.4 %) patients. Conclusions. Neurophthalmic manifestations of AA depend on the localization of AA and the variant of the disease clinical manifestations. Transitory violation of visual functions in patients with AA can be harbingers of AA rupture. The development of a posterior optical neuropathy in patients with AA rupture – is an adverse factor in the prospect of visual functions restoring. Microsurgical interventions in patients with AA with external decompression of the optic and oculomotor nerves have a positive effect on restoring the vision function

Cytotoxic Activity of Salicylic Acid-Containing Drug Models with Ionic and Covalent Binding

Three different types of drug delivery platforms based on imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) were synthesized in high preparative yields, namely, the models involving (i) ionic binding of drug and IL; (ii) covalent binding of drug and IL; and (iii) dual binding using both ionic and covalent approaches. Seven ionic liquids containing salicylic acid (SA-ILs) in the cation or/and in the anion were prepared, and their cytotoxicity toward the human cell lines CaCo-2 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) and 3215 LS (normal fibroblasts) was evaluated. Cytotoxicity of SA-ILs was significantly higher than that of conventional imidazolium-based ILs and was comparable to the pure salicylic acid. It is important to note that the obtained SA-ILs dissolved in water more readily than salicylic acid, suggesting benefits of possible usage of traditional nonsoluble active pharmaceutical ingredients in an ionic liquid form. © 2015 American Chemical Society

Cytotoxic Activity of Salicylic Acid-Containing Drug Models with Ionic and Covalent Binding

Three different types of drug delivery platforms based on imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) were synthesized in high preparative yields, namely, the models involving (i) ionic binding of drug and IL; (ii) covalent binding of drug and IL; and (iii) dual binding using both ionic and covalent approaches. Seven ionic liquids containing salicylic acid (SA-ILs) in the cation or/and in the anion were prepared, and their cytotoxicity toward the human cell lines CaCo-2 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) and 3215 LS (normal fibroblasts) was evaluated. Cytotoxicity of SA-ILs was significantly higher than that of conventional imidazolium-based ILs and was comparable to the pure salicylic acid. It is important to note that the obtained SA-ILs dissolved in water more readily than salicylic acid, suggesting benefits of possible usage of traditional nonsoluble active pharmaceutical ingredients in an ionic liquid form. © 2015 American Chemical Society

The using of endoscopic technology in transcranial neurosurgery of tumors chiasmosellar region and arterial anterior ring aneurysm

Objective – to study the experience and technical possibilities of the optimal using of the endoscopic assistance during different stages of intracranial surgical procedures in patients with chiasmal–sellar tumors (CST) and arterial aneurysms (AA) of the anterior circulation (AC). Materials and methods. The results of initial series of 59 patients with CST and 14 patients with AA of the AC who were operated at Romodanov Neurosurgery Institute NAMS of Ukraine between 2012 to August 2017, with the using of endoscopic assistance at the different stages of procedure were analyzed. There were used following methods: clinical and neurological exams, laboratory measurements, instrumental evaluation, neuroimaging (brain Computer Tomography (CT), CT Angiography, brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRA), Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA), Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) of cerebral vessels), functional (Doppler Ultrasound (DU) of the head and neck vessels), morphological evaluation, electroencephalography, statistical analysis. Results. The choice of surgical tactics and approach for CST was performed considering the localization and expansion of CST on the seller region (ante, retro, para, endosellar) and three-dimensional virtual and material modeling. According to the histological type, distribution of CST was follow: tuberculum and diaphragm sellar meningioma – 22 (37.2%) cases, craniopharyngioma – 15 (25.5%), pituitary adenomas – 14 (23.8%), epidermoid and dermoid cysts – 5 (8.5%), optic nerve gliomas – 3 (5.1%). Craniotomy approaches was follow: supraorbital – in 25 (42.4%) patients, pterional – in 18 (30.5%), modified orbitozygomatic- in 16 (27.1%). In 48 (81.3%) cases, initial removal was done, and in 11 (18.7 %) – repeated surgical interventions (regrowth and residual growth of the pituitary adenoma – 7 (63.6%) cases, craniopharyngioma – 4 (36.4%). Microscopic tumor removal were considered as radical in 46 among 56 patients (82.1%). Postoperative mortality was 2.49% (1 patient). The new onset of diabetes insipidus occurred in 3 (5.1%) observations, transient functional disorders, including cosmetic – in 38 (64.4%). Thirty-two (54.3%) patients showed an improvement of visual function (expansion of vision fields, regression of scotomas and / or increased of visual acuity according to Kadasheva scale assessment). Patients with AA of the AC underwent microsurgical procedure under endoscopic assistance and measuring the depth of the wound and the angles of the surgical field during pterional approach – in 9 (64.3%), orbitozygomatic – in 1 (7.1%), pterional with anterior clinoidectomy – in 2 (14.3%), infratemporal – in 2 (14.3%) cases. The evaluation of results included an assessment of AA clipping: Simple clip – 6 (42.9%), Multiple clips – 8 (57.1%). Following intraoperative complication was seen – AA rupture in 1 (7.1%) case, and secondary postoperative ischemic complication in 1 (7.1%) case. The grade of AA exclusion from the blood flow after clipping was done according to Raymond scale: class I – 13 (92.9%) cases, class II – 1 (7.1%). The quality of life of the surgical treated patients was evaluated using Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale. Full and good recovery was observed in 6 (42.9%) patients, mild dependence in 4 (28.6%), moderate dependence in 4 (28.6%). Conclusions. Endoscopic assistant should be used during tumor inspection, its dissection and for control of radical removal considering the size of the bone window, parameters of surgical approach and quality of microscopic visualization. Extreme importance has the utilization of endoscopic assistance for controlling of tumor removal, since its remaining may be inaccessible for microscopic examination, which is situated in «blind» spots. Endoscopic assistance during different stages of clipping of AA of the AC is accessory technique that improves intraoperative visualization during separation of the affected aneurysmal arterial segment of the AC, determining the anatomical location of the perforating arteries, AA neck regions, assessment of the clip / clips position on the AA neck or AA body without additional traction on the wound margins, and for inaccessible regions for microscope examination

Modern Trends of Organic Chemistry in Russian Universities

This review is devoted to the scientific achievements of the departments of organic chemistry in higher schools of Russia within the past decade. © 2018, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd