”Eli hyväksytään kaikki tulleet jäsenhakemukset”:eli + passiivi -rakenteen funktiot kokouksen puheenjohtajan kielessä

Tiivistelmä. Tutkin tässä kandidaatintutkielmassa erään harrastejärjestön hallituksen puheenjohtajan käyttämää kielellistä vuorovaikutusta. Keskityn tutkimaan eli-partikkelin ja passiiviverbin muodostamaa eli + passiivi -rakennetta osana kokouksen puheenjohtajan puheenvuoroja. Tavoitteenani on selvittää, millaisissa erilaisissa funktioissa eli kielitieteellisissä tehtävissä eli + passiivi -rakenne ilmenee kokouksen puheenjohtajan kielessä. Olen toteuttanut tutkimukseni keskustelunanalyyttisella otteella. Tutkimusaineistoni on videoaineisto erään harrastejärjestön hallituksen kokouksesta. Videoaineisto kuuluu Oulun yliopiston Kikosa-kokoelmaan, ja se on kestoltaan yhteensä 43 minuuttia ja 17 sekuntia pitkä. Nauhoitetun kokouksen aikana puheenjohtaja käyttää eli + passiivi -rakennetta puheenvuorojensa aikana yhteensä kahdeksan kertaa. Näistä kahdeksasta eli + passiivi -esiintymästä olen valinnut tutkimukseni esimerkeiksi kuusi tapausta. Eli + passiivi -rakenteen funktiot jakautuvat tutkimustulosteni perusteella kahteen pääryhmään, jotka ovat nimeltään jäsennys- ja sisältöfunktio. Olen jakanut sisältöfunktion vielä kolmeen alakategoriaan, joita ovat toteamus ja kysymys, puheenaiheeseen palauttaminen sekä kokoava vastaus. Laatimieni funktioiden tarkoituksena on selkiyttää eli + passiivi -rakenteen erilaisia vuorovaikutuksellisia käyttöympäristöjä. Tutkielmani tuo uutta tietoa erityisesti puheenjohtajan käyttämän eli + passiivi -rakenteen erilaisista käyttöympäristöistä. Tämän lisäksi tutkimustuloksiani on mahdollista tarkastella osana laajempaa keskustelunanalyyttista tutkimuskenttää. Edellä mainitun lisäksi kandidaatintutkielmani toimii myös pohjana mahdolliselle jatkotutkimukselle

Empirically modelled Pc3 activity based on solar wind parameters

It is known that under certain solar wind (SW)/interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions (e.g. high SW speed, low cone angle) the occurrence of ground-level Pc3–4 pulsations is more likely. In this paper we demonstrate that in the event of anomalously low SW particle density, Pc3 activity is extremely low regardless of otherwise favourable SW speed and cone angle. We re-investigate the SW control of Pc3 pulsation activity through a statistical analysis and two empirical models with emphasis on the influence of SW density on Pc3 activity. We utilise SW and IMF measurements from the OMNI project and ground-based magnetometer measurements from the MM100 array to relate SW and IMF measurements to the occurrence of Pc3 activity. Multiple linear regression and artificial neural network models are used in iterative processes in order to identify sets of SW-based input parameters, which optimally reproduce a set of Pc3 activity data. The inclusion of SW density in the parameter set significantly improves the models. Not only the density itself, but other density related parameters, such as the dynamic pressure of the SW, or the standoff distance of the magnetopause work equally well in the model. The disappearance of Pc3s during low-density events can have at least four reasons according to the existing upstream wave theory: 1. Pausing the ion-cyclotron resonance that generates the upstream ultra low frequency waves in the absence of protons, 2. Weakening of the bow shock that implies less efficient reflection, 3. The SW becomes sub-Alfvénic and hence it is not able to sweep back the waves propagating upstream with the Alfvén-speed, and 4. The increase of the standoff distance of the magnetopause (and of the bow shock). Although the models cannot account for the lack of Pc3s during intervals when the SW density is extremely low, the resulting sets of optimal model inputs support the generation of mid latitude Pc3 activity predominantly through upstream waves

Empirically modelled Pc3 activity based on solar wind parameters

It is known that under certain solar wind (SW)/interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions (e.g. high SW speed, low cone angle) the occurrence of ground-level Pc3–4 pulsations is more likely. In this paper we demonstrate that in the event of anomalously low SW particle density, Pc3 activity is extremely low regardless of otherwise favourable SW speed and cone angle. We re-investigate the SW control of Pc3 pulsation activity through a statistical analysis and two empirical models with emphasis on the influence of SW density on Pc3 activity. We utilise SW and IMF measurements from the OMNI project and ground-based magnetometer measurements from the MM100 array to relate SW and IMF measurements to the occurrence of Pc3 activity. Multiple linear regression and artificial neural network models are used in iterative processes in order to identify sets of SW-based input parameters, which optimally reproduce a set of Pc3 activity data. The inclusion of SW density in the parameter set significantly improves the models. Not only the density itself, but other density related parameters, such as the dynamic pressure of the SW, or the standoff distance of the magnetopause work equally well in the model. The disappearance of Pc3s during low-density events can have at least four reasons according to the existing upstream wave theory: 1. Pausing the ion-cyclotron resonance that generates the upstream ultra low frequency waves in the absence of protons, 2. Weakening of the bow shock that implies less efficient reflection, 3. The SW becomes sub-Alfvénic and hence it is not able to sweep back the waves propagating upstream with the Alfvén-speed, and 4. The increase of the standoff distance of the magnetopause (and of the bow shock). Although the models cannot account for the lack of Pc3s during intervals when the SW density is extremely low, the resulting sets of optimal model inputs support the generation of mid latitude Pc3 activity predominantly through upstream waves

Time derivative of the horizontal geomagnetic field as an activity indicator

Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in technological conductor systems are a manifestation of the ground effects of space weather. Large GICs are always associated with large values of the time derivative of the geomagnetic field, and especially with its horizontal component (dH/dt). By using the IMAGE magnetometer data from northern Europe from 1982 to 2001, we show that large dH/dt’s (exceeding 1 nT/s) primarily occur during events governed by westward ionospheric currents. However, the directional distributions of dH/dt are much more scattered than those of the simultaneous baseline subtracted horizontal variation field vector ΔH. A pronounced difference between ΔH and dH/dt takes place at about 02–06 MLT in the auroral region when dH/dt prefers an east-west orientation, whereas ΔH points to the south. The occurrence of large dH/dt has two daily maxima, one around the local magnetic midnight, and another in the morning. There is a single maximum around the midnight only at the southernmost IMAGE stations. An identical feature is observed when large GICs are considered. The yearly number of large dH/dt values in the auroral region follows quite closely the aa index, but a clear variation from year-to-year is observed in the directional distributions. The scattering of dH/dt distributions is smaller during descending phases of the sunspot cycle. Seasonal variations are also seen, especially in winter dH/dt  is more concentrated to the north-south direction than at other times. The results manifest the importance of small-scale structures of ionospheric currents when GICs are considered. The distribution patterns of dH/dt cannot be explained by any simple sheet-type model of (westward) ionospheric currents, but rapidly changing north-south currents and field-aligned currents must play an important role.Key words. Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism (geomagnetic induction; rapid time variations) - Ionosphere (ionospheric disturbances

Westward moving dynamic substorm features observed with the IMAGE magnetometer network and other ground-based instruments

We present the ground signatures of dynamic substorm features with particular emphasis on the event interpretation capabilities provided by the IMAGE magnetometer network. This array covers the high latitudes from the sub-auroral to the cusp/cleft region. An isolated substorm on 11 Oct. 1993 during the late evening hours exhibited many of well-known features such as the Harang discontinuity, westward travelling surge and poleward leap, but also discrete auroral forms, known as auroral streamers, appeared propagating westward along the centre of the electrojet. Besides the magnetic field measurements, there were auroral observations and plasma flow and conductivity measurements obtained by EISCAT. The data of all three sets of instruments are consistent with the notion of upward field-aligned currents associated with the moving auroral patches. A detailed analysis of the electrodynamic parameters in the ionosphere, however, reveals that they do not agree with the expectations resulting from commonly used simplifying approximations. For example, the westward moving auroral streamers which are associated with field-aligned current filaments, are not collocated with the centres of equivalent current vortices. Furthermore, there is a clear discrepancy between the measured plasma flow direction and the obtained equivalent current direction. All this suggests that steep conductivity gradients are associated with the transient auroral forms. Also self-induction effects in the ionosphere may play a role for the orientation of the plasma flows. This study stresses the importance of multi-instrument observation for a reliable interpretation of dynamic auroral processes.Keywords. Ionosphere (Auroral ionosphere; Electric fields and currents; Ionosphere-magnetosphere interactions).</p