20,603 research outputs found
The Lueders Postulate and the Distinguishability of Observables
The Lueders postulate is reviewed and implications for the distinguishability
of observables are discussed. As an example the distinguishability of two
similar observables for spin-1/2 particles is described. Implementation issues
are briefly analyzed.Comment: Submitted to the proceedings of ICFNCS, Hong Kong, 200
Bound states of PT-symmetric separable potentials
All of the PT-symmetric potentials that have been studied so far have been
local. In this paper nonlocal PT-symmetric separable potentials of the form
, where is real, are examined.
Two specific models are examined. In each case it is shown that there is a
parametric region of the coupling strength for which the PT symmetry
of the Hamiltonian is unbroken and the bound-state energies are real. The
critical values of that bound this region are calculated.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure
Heuristics and applications for Ressource-Constrained Project Scheduling with Minimal and Maximal Time Lags
Priority-rule methods for approximately minimizing the duration of a project subject to minimal and maximal time lags between the activities of the project and limited availability of renewable resources are considered. Such a project can be modelled by a cyclic activity-on-node network. Two generation schemes for constructing feasible schedules are discussed: the serial and parallel schemes. Two different kinds of heuristic procedures are proposed. The sequential or direct method processes the activities or respectively nodes of the project network one after another without considering the strong components separately. The contraction method uses a bottom-up technique. First, a feasible subschedule is determined for each strong component. Second, each strong component is replaced by a single node and the resulting acyclic network is treated by the direct method. In conclusion, some results from an experimental performance analysis of the heuristics are given using a new network generator
Measurement of the proton light response of various LAB based scintillators and its implication for supernova neutrino detection via neutrino-proton scattering
The proton light output function in electron-equivalent energy of various
scintillators based on linear alkylbenzene (LAB) has been measured in the
energy range from 1 MeV to 17.15 MeV for the first time. The measurement was
performed at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) using a neutron
beam with continuous energy distribution. The proton light output data is
extracted from proton recoil spectra originating from neutron-proton scattering
in the scintillator. The functional behavior of the proton light output is
described succesfully by Birks' law with a Birks constant kB between (0.0094
+/- 0.0002) cm/MeV and (0.0098 +/- 0.0003) cm/MeV for the different LAB
solutions. The constant C, parameterizing the quadratic term in the generalized
Birks law, is consistent with zero for all investigated scintillators with an
upper limit (95% CL) of about 10^{-7} cm^2/MeV^2. The resulting quenching
factors are especially important for future planned supernova neutrino
detection based on the elastic scattering of neutrinos on protons. The impact
of proton quenching on the supernova event yield from neutrino-proton
scattering is discussed.Comment: 12 pages, 17 figures, 4 tables, updated version for publication in
Eur.Phys.J.
A description of the Jacobson topology on the spectrum of transformation group C*-algebras by proper actions
Diese Arbeit liefert eine Beschreibung der Jacobson-Topologie auf dem Spektrum von Transformationsgruppen-C*-Algebren für eigentliche G-Räume X vermittels des Raums Stab(X)^={(x,G_x,sigma) | x in X, sigma in (G_x)^}. Es wird gezeigt, daß auf Stab(X)^ eine Topologie und eine G-Wirkung derart definiert werden können, daß die aus dem Satz von Mackey-Rieffel-Green bekannte Bijektion zwischen dem Bahnenraum G\Stab(X)^ und dem Spektrum des verschränkten Produkts C_0(X)xG ein Homöomorphismus ist. Wir diskutieren verschiedene Ansätze zur Topologisierung des Raums Stab(X)^ und zeigen, daß sie dieselbe Topologie liefern
Raman spectroscopy on mechanically exfoliated pristine graphene ribbons
We present Raman spectroscopy measurements of non-etched graphene
nanoribbons, with widths ranging from 15 to 160 nm, where the D-line intensity
is strongly dependent on the polarization direction of the incident light. The
extracted edge disorder correlation length is approximately one order of
magnitude larger than on previously reported graphene ribbons fabricated by
reactive ion etching techniques. This suggests a more regular crystallographic
orientation of the non-etched graphene ribbons here presented. We further
report on the ribbons width dependence of the line-width and frequency of the
long-wavelength optical phonon mode (G-line) and the 2D-line of the studied
graphene ribbons
Muscle Function and Fatigability of Trunk Flexors in Males and Females
Background Optimal function of the abdominal muscles is necessary for several life functions including lifting and carrying tasks. Sex differences in strength and fatigability are established for many limb muscles and back extensor muscles, but it is unknown if sex differences exist for the abdominal muscles despite their functional importance. Methods Eighteen females (24.3 ± 4.8 years) and 15 males (24.1 ± 6.6 years) performed (1) isometric trunk flexion maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) in a range of trunk positions to establish a torque-angle curve and (2) submaximal (50% MVC), intermittent isometric contraction (6 s on, 4 s off) until task failure to determine fatigability of the trunk flexor muscles. Dual X-ray absorptiometry quantified body fat and lean mass. Physical activity levels were quantified with a questionnaire. Torque-angle curves, electromyography (EMG), MVC torque, and torque steadiness were compared with repeated measures ANOVA with sex as a between-subjects factor. Results For the torque-angle curve, MVC torque was reduced as the trunk angle increased toward flexion (p \u3c 0.001). Males had greater MVC torque than females at the extended positions (31% difference), with no sex differences in torque in upright sitting (p \u3e 0.05). Time-to-task failure for the submaximal fatigability task in upright sitting was similar between males and females (12.4 ± 7 vs 10.5 ± 6 min). Time-to-task failure was positively associated with strength (r = 0.473, p = 0.005) and self-reported physical activity (r = 0.456, p = 0.030). Lean mass in the trunk was positively associated with trunk flexor strength (r = 0.378, p = 0.011) and self-reported physical activity (r = 0.486, p = 0.007). Finally, torque steadiness [coefficient of variation of torque (CV)] during submaximal isometric contractions decreased with contraction intensity and was similar for males and females across all intensities. Conclusions Unlike many limb muscle groups, males and females had similar fatigability and torque steadiness of the trunk flexor muscles during isometric contractions. Stronger individuals, however, exhibited less fatigability. Lower self-reported physical activity was associated with greater fatigability of trunk flexor muscles. The relationship between strength and fatigability of the trunk flexor muscles and physical activity supports the importance of abdominal muscle strengthening to offset fatigability in both males and females
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