A Chiral Sulfoxide-Based C–H Acid

We report the design and synthesis of a strong, chiral, enantiopure sulfoxide-based C–H acid. Single crystal X-ray analysis confirms the proposed structure and its absolute configuration. The new motif shows a high acidity and activity in Brønsted and Lewis acid catalyzed transformations. So far,only little to no enantioselectivities were achieved

1,1,3,3-Tetratriflylpropene (TTP): A Strong, Allylic C–H Acid for Brønsted and Lewis Acid Catalysis

Tetratrifylpropene (TTP) has been developed as a highly acidic, allylic C–H acid for Brønsted and Lewis acid catalysis. It can readily be obtained in two steps and consistently shows exceptional catalytic activities for Mukaiyama aldol, Hosomi–Sakurai, and Friedel–Crafts acylation reactions. X-ray analyses of TTP and its salts confirm its designed, allylic structure, in which the negative charge is delocalized over four triflyl groups. NMR experiments, acidity measurements, and theoretical investigations provide further insights to rationalize the remarkable reactivity of TTP

The role of mental disorders in the risk and speed of transition to alcohol use disorders among community youth

Background Among adolescents and young adults with DSM-IV alcohol use disorders (AUDs), there are inter-individual differences in the speed of transition from initial alcohol use (AU) to AUD. AUDs are highly co-morbid with other mental disorders. The factors associated with rapid transition from first AU to AUD remain unknown and the role of mental disorders in rapid transitions is unclear. Given this background we examined (1) whether prior anxiety, mood, externalizing and non-alcohol substance use disorders are related to the risk and speed of transition from first AU to DSM-IV alcohol abuse (AA) and alcohol dependence (AD) and (2) whether early age of onset of prior mental disorders (PMDs) is a promoter of rapid transition. Method A total of 3021 community subjects (97.7% lifetime AU) aged 14-24 years at baseline were followed up prospectively for up to 10 years. AU and mental disorders were assessed with the DSM-IV/M-CIDI. Results Among subjects with lifetime AU, several PMDs, such as specific phobia, bipolar disorder and nicotine dependence, were associated with an increased risk of AUD independent of externalizing disorders. Associations of PMDs with the speed of transition to AUDs were mostly weak and inconsistent. Only social phobia and externalizing disorders were associated with faster transitions to AD even after adjustment for other PMDs. Earlier age of onset of PMD was not associated with rapid transition. Conclusions Mental disorders are associated with the risk of AUD. With the possible exception of social phobia and externalizing disorders, they do not promote rapid transition, even if they occur particularly early. Future research needs to identify factors relevant to rapid transition to AU

Experimental study of the impact of ion orbit losses on the edge radial electric field at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak

Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (grant FPU17/06273)EUROfusion Consortium 63305

Pressure dependence of diffusion in simple glasses and supercooled liquids

Using molecular dynamics simulation, we have calculated the pressure dependence of the diffusion constant in a binary Lennard-Jones Glass. We observe four temperature regimes. The apparent activation volume drops from high values in the hot liquid to a plateau value. Near the critical temperature of the mode coupling theory it rises steeply, but in the glassy state we find again small values, similar to the ones in the liquid. The peak of the activation volume at the critical temperature is in agreement with the prediction of mode coupling theory

Danger and loss events and the incidence of anxiety and depressive disorders: a prospective-longitudinal community study of adolescents and young adults

Background There are inconclusive findings regarding whether danger and loss events differentially predict the onset of anxiety and depression. Method A community sample of adolescents and young adults (n=2304, age 14-24 years at baseline) was prospectively followed up in up to four assessments over 10 years. Incident anxiety and depressive disorders were assessed at each wave using the DSM-IV/M-CIDI. Life events (including danger, loss and respectively mixed events) were assessed at baseline using the Munich Event List (MEL). Logistic regressions were used to reveal associations between event types at baseline and incident disorders at follow-up. Results Loss events merely predicted incident ‘pure' depression [odds ratio (OR) 2.4 per standard deviation, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-3.9, p<0.001] whereas danger events predicted incident ‘pure' anxiety (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1-4.6, p=0.023) and ‘pure' depression (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.7-3.5, p<0.001). Mixed events predicted incident ‘pure' anxiety (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.5-5.7, p=0.002), ‘pure' depression (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.6-3.4, p<0.001) and their co-morbidity (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.8-7.0, p<0.001). Conclusions Our results provide further evidence for differential effects of danger, loss and respectively mixed events on incident anxiety, depression and their co-morbidity. Since most loss events referred to death/separation from significant others, particularly interpersonal loss appears to be highly specific in predicting depressio

Epilepsie und dissoziative Anfälle: Kommunikative Besonderheiten und ihre Implikationen für Diagnostik und Therapie

In unserem narrativen Review beschreiben wir die Besonderheiten der Interaktion von Patient:innen mit dissoziativen Anfällen. Wir zeigen, welches Potenzial in der Kenntnis dieser Besonderheiten liegt sowohl für die Differenzialdiagnose von epileptischen und dissoziativen Anfällen als auch für den klinischen Gebrauch. Patient:innen mit epileptischen Anfällen wollen das Gespräch mit der Ärztin/dem Arzt nutzen, um möglichst viel von dem nachvollziehbar zu machen, was mit ihnen im Anfall passiert und wie sie versuchen mit den Anfällen sinnvoll umzugehen. Wir berichten davon, wie sich nach unserer Erfahrung die Kommunikation unterscheidet, wenn wir mit Patient:innen mit dissoziativen Anfällen sprechen: Sie berichten eher ohne Details und ohne das subjektive Erleben des Anfalls zu schildern. In ihren Beschreibungen wird meist deutlich, wie stark sie dem Geschehen ausgeliefert sind. Sie sind eher irritiert von den Nachfragen zum Erleben im Anfall und lenken das Gespräch in andere Richtungen. Damit die Gespräche mit Patient:innen, die von dissoziativen Anfällen betroffen sind, nicht ins Leere laufen, ist es wichtig, diese kommunikativen Besonderheiten zu kennen und Einsicht in ihre Bedeutung für Diagnose und Therapie zu haben. Wir machen konkrete Vorschläge, wie Gesprächsführende mit der eigenen Irritation und mit den Aussagen der Patient:innen so umgehen, dass beide Seiten zu einem tieferen Verständnis der Situation kommen. So kann schon das Erstgespräch den Beginn der therapeutischen Arbeit einleiten. Wenn Kinder und Jugendliche zur Abklärung von Anfallsereignissen vorgestellt werden, so treten die Unterschiede in der Darstellung meist noch deutlicher zutage, da sie weniger Erzählroutine haben und eine meist deutlich kürzere Krankengeschichte