TEŽINSKO–DUŽINSKI ODNOS 57 RIBLJIH VRSTA U RIJEKAMA JUGOISTOČNOG DIJELA OBALE BJELOKOSTI

Weight–length relationships (WLR) of 57 fish species belonging to 22 families from the coastal rivers of the south–eastern of Ivory Coast were studied. Samples were collected with two fleets of monofilament gill nets. The value of the exponent b in the WLR (W=aLb) ranged from 2.213 to 3.729. The mean and the median values were 2.892 and 2.899 respectively, whereas 50% of the value ranged between 2.787 and 3.048. For 11 species, these relationships are described for the first time for this sub–region.U radu je istraživan težinsko–dužinski odnos (WRL) 57 vrsta riba koje su pripadale 22–dvjema porodicama, a koje se nalaze u rijekama jugoistočnog dijela Obale Bjelokosti. Uzorci su sakupljeni dvjema vrstama mreža. Vrijednost eksponenta b u WRL (W=aLb) kretao se između 2,213 i 3,729. Prosječna i srednja vrijednost bile su 2,892, odnosno 2,899, dok je 50% te vrijednosti bilo između 2,787 i 3,048. Za 11 vrsta ti su odnosi opisani prvi put u ovoj podregiji

FISH DIVERSITY ALONG THE LONGITUDINAL GRADIENT IN A MAN–MADE LAKE OF WEST AFRICA, TAABO HYDROELECTRIC RESERVOIR, IVORY COAST

Fish assemblage patterns in Taabo Reservoir, a hydroelectric lake of Ivory Coast, were studied and related to the longitudinal gradient (river–dam gradient) composed of riverine, transitional, and lacustrine zones. Data were collected at 5 stations and each one was sampled during 5 surveys. Fish community structure was analysed using alpha and beta diversity indices. In total, 53 fish species were obtained in the whole ecosystem. Total species richness recorded at each ecological zone was 42, 43 and 45 species respectively in the riverine, transitional and lacustrine zones. Alpha diversity did not differed significantly along the longitudinal gradient but reached the highest value (33 species) in the transitional zone and the lowest (18 species) occurred in both the riverine and lacustrine zones. Temporal variability of Alpha diversity according to the hydrological regime of the lake differed with the zone. Beta diversity showed that fish assemblages similarity was higher between the transitional and the riverine zones (βw = 0.43) and lower between the riverine and the lacustrine zones (βw = 0.79)

Qualite des eaux du Bandama-Blanc (Cote D’ivoire) et de ses affluents soumis a de fortes activites

La qualité écologique des eaux des localités soumises à l’exploitation artisanale et clandestine de l’or au niveau du Bandama-Blanc et de ses affluents a été étudiée entre le 01 et le 15 Avril 2015. Le prélèvement du phytoplancton a été réalisé à l’aide de la bouteille hydrologique et du filet à plancton, tandis que le périphyton a été récolté par les méthodes de grattage et d’expression respectivement sur cailloux, bois et feuilles immergés. Cent soixante (160) taxons composés de 84 taxons de Chlorophyta, 42 taxons d’Euglenophyta, 25 taxons de Cyanobacteria, 5 taxons de Dinophyta, 2 taxons de Chrysophyta, 1 taxon de Rhodophyta et 1 taxon de Xanthophyta ont été identifiés au niveau des sites d’échantillonnage. La densité des Cyanobacteria est élevée dans les sites soumis aux activités d’orpaillage, de pêche et d’élevage au niveau des eaux du barrage et de la carrière avec une contribution élevée de Microcystis aeruginosa. Les valeurs des indices de diversité ont montré que les eaux de la zone d’étude sont diversifiées avec un peuplement dominé par les espèces Microcystis aeruginosa et Peridinium cinctum. Une mésotrophie des sites d’échantillonnage de la zone d’étude a été révélée par les valeurs de l’indice B proposé par Nygaard (1949).Mots clés : Phytoplancton, périphyton, diversité, barrage, Côte d’IvoireEnglish Abstrarct Water quality of the Bandama-Blanc (Cote D'ivoire) and its tributaries subject to strong anthropogenic activities from the algal microfloraEcological waters quality of the localities subjected to artisanal and clandestine gold mining at the level of Bandama-Blanc and its tributaries was studied between 01 and 15 April 2015. Phytoplankton sampling was performed using the hydrologic bottle and plankton net, while periphyton was harvested by scraping and expression methods respectively on rocks, wood and floating leaves. The microalgae comprised 160 taxa, mainly Chlorophyta (84 taxa), Euglenophyta (42 taxa), Cyanobacteria (25 taxa), Dinophyta (5 taxa), Chrysophyta (2 taxa), Rhodophyta (1 taxa) and Xanthophyta (1 taxa). Highest Cyanobacteria densities was observed in the localities subjected to gold mining, fishing and rearing activities at the level of the Kossou dam and the quarry with a high contribution of the species Microcystis aeruginosa. Values of the diversity indices showed that the waters of the study area are diversified with a stand dominated by the species of Microcystis aeruginosa and Peridinium cinctum. Mesotrophy of the sampling sites in the study area was revealed by the Nygaard B index values (1949).Keys words : Phytoplankton, periphyton, diversity, dam, Côte d’Ivoir

Evaluation de la qualité des eaux de puits à usage domestique dans les quartiers défavorisés de quatre communes d’Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) : Koumassi, Marcory, Port-Bouet et Treichville

La qualité des eaux de puits à usages domestiques dans les quartiers précaires de quatre communes de la ville d’Abidjan a été étudiée à travers l’analyse des paramètres physico-chimiques et microbiologiques couramment utilisés pour la qualité de l’eau de consommation. Les concentrations en nitrates varient entre 0 et 286 mg/L et celles de l’ammonium entre 3,6 et 39,6 mg/L. Plus de 80% des puits ont des teneurs en nitrates supérieures à la norme de 50 mg/L requise, ce qui traduit que les eaux sont d’une mauvaise qualité pour la boisson, mais subissent l’impact d’une insalubrité urbaine. En plus, la qualité des eaux de puits est variable et dépend d’un certain nombre de facteurs tels que l’emplacement des puits par rapport aux sources de contamination urbaines endogènes. La dégradation de la qualité des eaux est fortement impactée par le défaut d’assainissement des quartiers précaires. L’interprétation des données d’analyse, la corrélation existante entre les eaux de puits et la répartition des eaux de puits en groupes sont réalisées en utilisant l’Analyse en Composante Principale Normée (ACPN). Plusieurs facteurs conditionnent la contamination des eaux de puits par les polluants minéraux tels que NO3 -, NH4 +, SO4 2- et Cl-. Le défaut d’assainissement dans ces quartiers, la mauvaise gestion des déchets urbains, la faible profondeur de la nappe, la nature des sols et la perméabilité de l’aquifère exploité sont les preuves de la vulnérabilité des eaux des puits. En effet, les résultats acquis font ressortir la forte influence de l’activité urbaine sur la qualité de ces eaux qui sont fortement chargées en ions nitrates et ammonium, signe d’une pollution urbaine. © 2010 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés : Pollution, eaux de puits, assainissement, analyse en composante principale normée, sels dissous

Introduction de l’assainissement écologique en Côte d’Ivoire

L’introduction de l’assainissement écologique (EcoSan) en milieu rural s’est fait avec succès. L’utilisation de l’urine comme fertilisant en culture d’igname est possible sur le plan technique agronomique et socio-anthropologique. Des ouvrages d’assainissement ont été installés en milieu communautaire de même que des parcelles expérimentales fertilisées à l’urine. La richesse de l’urine en azote et en potassium permet d’accroitre la productivité des sols pauvres. Les sols ainsi fertilisés permettent, en culture d’igname, d’obtenir un rendement largement supérieur à ce celui obtenu avec la culture traditionnelle lorsque la culture est placée en tête de rotation. Ces résultats sont d’autant plus encourageants que l’on se trouve à la deuxième répétition culturale sur les mêmes terres. La valorisation de l’urine en agriculture améliore le cadre de vie en éliminant les excréta avec la réduction des mixions sauvages dans et alentour du village. De plus, les populations manifestent une forte adhésion au projet avec l’adoption de la démarche et des ouvrages. Elles n’hésitent pas non plus dans leur grande majorité à consommer les produits de récoltes provenant de champs fertilisés à l’urine parce que la qualité organoleptique n’est pas affectée par ce fertilisant. La pratique culturale endogène pratiquée sur les dépotoirs familiaux ou lélougoun constitue le facteur dynamisant de l’adoption du concept EcoSan

RAZNOLIKOST RIBA U UMJETNOM JEZERU ZAPADNE AFRIKE, HIDROELEKTRANA TAABO, OBALA BJELOKOSTI

Fish assemblage patterns in Taabo Reservoir, a hydroelectric lake of Ivory Coast, were studied and related to the longitudinal gradient (river–dam gradient) composed of riverine, transitional, and lacustrine zones. Data were collected at 5 stations and each one was sampled during 5 surveys. Fish community structure was analysed using alpha and beta diversity indices. In total, 53 fish species were obtained in the whole ecosystem. Total species richness recorded at each ecological zone was 42, 43 and 45 species respectively in the riverine, transitional and lacustrine zones. Alpha diversity did not differed significantly along the longitudinal gradient but reached the highest value (33 species) in the transitional zone and the lowest (18 species) occurred in both the riverine and lacustrine zones. Temporal variability of Alpha diversity according to the hydrological regime of the lake differed with the zone. Beta diversity showed that fish assemblages similarity was higher between the transitional and the riverine zones (βw = 0.43) and lower between the riverine and the lacustrine zones (βw = 0.79).Uzorci riba jezera hidroelektrane Taabo u Obali Bjelokosti proučavani su u odnosu na uzdužni gradijent (rijeka — nasip) koji se odnosi na riječnu, prijelaznu i jezersku zonu. Podaci su sakupljani na pet lokaliteta. Struktura zajednica riba analizirana je s pomoću alfa i beta–indeksa raznolikosti. Ukupno u cijelom ekosustavu bile su 53 vrste riba. Ukupno bogatstvo vrsta zabilježeno na svakoj ekološkoj zoni jest 42, 43, odnosno 45 vrsta, i to u riječnoj, jezerskoj i prijelaznoj zoni. Alfa–raznolikost nije se značajno razlikovala duž uzdužnoga gradijenta već je dosegla najvišu vrijednost (33 vrsta) u prijelaznoj zoni, a najnižu (18 vrsta) u riječnoj i jezerskoj zoni. Beta–raznolikost je pokazala da je veća sličnost riba kod prijelazne i riječne zone (βw = 0,43), a niža između riječne i jezerske zone (βw = 0,79)

Effectiveness of four different interventions against Schistosoma haematobium in a seasonal transmission setting of Côte d'Ivoire: a cluster randomized trial

BACKGROUND: Annual mass drug administration (MDA) using praziquantel is the cornerstone of schistosomiasis morbidity control, but is not sufficient to interrupt transmission. We implemented a cluster-randomized trial to compare the effectiveness of four different intervention packages to interrupt transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in a seasonal transmission setting of Cote d'Ivoire. METHODS: Sixty-four localities with a S. haematobium prevalence in school children aged 13-14 years above 4% were randomly assigned to one of four intervention arms over a 3-year period: (1) the current standard strategy consisting of annual MDA before peak of transmission; (2) annual MDA after peak of transmission; (3) biannual MDA; and (4) standard MDA combined with snail control. The primary outcome was prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium infection in children aged 9-12 years 1 year after the final intervention, using urine filtration performed by experienced microscopists. RESULTS: By study end, we observed the lowest S. haematobium prevalence in the biannual MDA, compared to the standard treatment arm (0.6% vs. 7.5%; odds ratio [OR] = 0.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.02 to 0.24). The prevalence in arms 2 and 4 was about 3.5%, which was not statistically significantly different from the standard strategy (both ORs 0.4, 95% CI = 0.1 to ~1.8). New cases of infection were still observed in all arms at study end. CONCLUSIONS: Biannual MDA was the only regimen that outperformed the standard treatment. All strategies resulted in decreased prevalence of infection, however none of them was able to interrupt transmission of S. haematobium within a 3-year period

A Trial of Early Antiretrovirals and Isoniazid Preventive Therapy in Africa

BACKGROUND: In sub-Saharan Africa, the burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated tuberculosis is high. We conducted a trial with a 2-by-2 factorial design to assess the benefits of early antiretroviral therapy (ART), 6-month isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), or both among HIV-infected adults with high CD4+ cell counts in Ivory Coast. METHODS: We included participants who had HIV type 1 infection and a CD4+ count of less than 800 cells per cubic millimeter and who met no criteria for starting ART according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: deferred ART (ART initiation according to WHO criteria), deferred ART plus IPT, early ART (immediate ART initiation), or early ART plus IPT. The primary end point was a composite of diseases included in the case definition of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), non-AIDS-defining cancer, non-AIDS-defining invasive bacterial disease, or death from any cause at 30 months. We used Cox proportional models to compare outcomes between the deferred-ART and early-ART strategies and between the IPT and no-IPT strategies. RESULTS: A total of 2056 patients (41% with a baseline CD4+ count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter) were followed for 4757 patient-years. A total of 204 primary end-point events were observed (3.8 events per 100 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3 to 4.4), including 68 in patients with a baseline CD4+ count of at least 500 cells per cubic millimeter (3.2 events per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 2.4 to 4.0). Tuberculosis and invasive bacterial diseases accounted for 42% and 27% of primary end-point events, respectively. The risk of death or severe HIV-related illness was lower with early ART than with deferred ART (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.76; adjusted hazard ratio among patients with a baseline CD4+ count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.94) and lower with IPT than with no IPT (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.88; adjusted hazard ratio among patients with a baseline CD4+ count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.36 to 1.01). The 30-month probability of grade 3 or 4 adverse events did not differ significantly among the strategies. CONCLUSIONS: In this African country, immediate ART and 6 months of IPT independently led to lower rates of severe illness than did deferred ART and no IPT, both overall and among patients with CD4+ counts of at least 500 cells per cubic millimeter. (Funded by the French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis; TEMPRANO ANRS 12136 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00495651.)

A systematic review of Vancouver B2 and B3 periprosthetic femoral fractures

Aims The aim of this study was to investigate the outcomes of Vancouver type B2 and B3 fractures by performing a systematic review of the methods of surgical treatment which have been reported. Materials and Methods A systematic search was performed in Ovid MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. For inclusion, studies required a minimum of ten patients with a Vancouver type B2 and/or ten patients with a Vancouver type B3 fracture, a minimum mean follow-up of two years and outcomes which were matched to the type of fracture. Studies were also required to report the rate of re-operation as an outcome measure. The protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database. Results A total of 22 studies were included based on the eligibility criteria, including 343 B2 fractures and 167 B3 fractures. The mean follow-up ranged from 32 months to 74 months. Of 343 Vancouver B2 fractures, the treatment in 298 (86.8%) involved revision arthroplasty and 45 (12.6%) were treated with internal fixation alone. A total of 37 patients (12.4%) treated with revision arthroplasty and six (13.3%) treated by internal fixation only underwent further re-operation. Of 167 Vancouver B3 fractures, the treatment in 160 (95.8%) involved revision arthroplasty and eight (4.8%) were treated with internal fixation without revision. A total of 23 patients (14.4%) treated with revision arthroplasty and two (28.6%) treated only with internal fixation required re-operation. Conclusion A significant proportion, particularly of B2 fractures, were treated without revision of the stem. These were associated with a higher rate of re-operation. The treatment of B3 fractures without revision of the stem resulted in a high rate of re-operation. This demonstrates the importance of careful evaluation and accurate characterisation of the fracture at the time of presentation to ensure the correct management. There is a need for improvement in the reporting of data in case series recording the outcome of the surgical treatment of periprosthetic fractures. We have suggested a minimum dataset to improve the quality of data in studies dealing with these fractures