In Vivo Quantitation of Adipose Tissue by Differential Absorptiometry Using Penetrating Isotopic Radiation

The physical principles for determining tissue lipid content In vivo by selective radiation attenuation have been studied and are compared to other methods of body composition analysis. Two penetrating photon beams, each monoenergetic but of differing energies, are simultaneously passed through the low Z components of tissue and the relative beam absorption measured. A mathematical function incorporating the unabsorbed and absorbed photon beam intensities is applied to determine experimentally the relative proportion of fat and lean in the tissue. \u27 Cd is used as the radioactive source of both xrays and gamma radiation. Results of experiments on low 2 phantom material and in vitro animal tissue indicate that the dual photon absorption principle provides accurate two-component quantitation. The fractional lipid content of in vitro mammalian tissue samples has been determined by dual beam photon absorption, with an error of less than 2%. In vivo values are reproducible to better than 2%. Skinfold thickness was measured simultaneously in vivo with adipose tissue content by dual beam absorptiometry. The experimental coefficient of correlation between these two measurements was .98

Immunologic and virologic findings in a bull chronically infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus

In February 1985, a 2-year-old bull with inappetence and weight loss of 1-week duration was examined by the field services staff of the Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine. The bull had a normal rectal temperature, decreased rumen activity, and loose feces and walked with a stiff gait. The hemogram was normal for hemoglobin concentration, PCV, and total plasma protein concentration, but the bull had a leukopenia which was primarily attributable to an absolute lymphopenia. Treatment consisted of antimicrobial drugs, an antidiarrheal medication, and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug. After 3 weeks without improvement, the bull was admitted to the Iowa State University Large Animal Hospital

Monitoring the conformational ensemble and lipid environment of a mechanosensitive channel under cyclodextrin-induced membrane tension

This project was supported by a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) grant (BB/S018069/1) to C.P., who acknowledges support from the Wellcome Trust (WT) (219999/Z/19/Z) in the form of studentship for B.J.L. We also acknowledge support from the Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC) in the form of studentships for N.Y., Y.M., B.W., respectively. T.K.K. is supported by a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship funded by the WT and the Royal Society (223268/Z/21/Z). B.E.B. and C.P. thank the Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2018-397) for support. Funding from BBSRC (BB/R013780/1; BB/T017740/1) equipment grants enabled the purchase of the Qband Bruker pulse EPR spectrometer and University of Leeds funding the Bruker 950 MHz NMR spectrometer.Membrane forces shift the equilibria of mechanosensitive channels enabling them to convert mechanical cues into electrical signals. Molecular tools to stabilize and methods to capture their highly dynamic states are lacking. Cyclodextrins can mimic tension through the sequestering of lipids from membranes. Here we probe the conformational ensemble of MscS by EPR spectroscopy, the lipid environment with NMR, and function with electrophysiology under cyclodextrin-induced tension. We show the extent of MscS activation depends on the cyclodextrin-to-lipid ratio, and that lipids are depleted slower when MscS is present. This has implications in MscS’ activation kinetics when distinct membrane scaffolds such as nanodiscs or liposomes are used. We find MscS transits from closed to sub-conducting state(s) before it desensitizes, due to the lack of lipid availability in its vicinity required for closure. Our approach allows for monitoring tension-sensitive states in membrane proteins and screening molecules capable of inducing molecular tension in bilayers.Peer reviewe

The sins of the child: Public opinion about parental responsibility for juvenile crime

Previous research indicates that people ascribe less responsibility to juvenile offenders than adult offenders for the crimes they have committed. Although assignment of responsibility to parents varies depending upon the youth’s age, we know little about the role of other factors. The current study used randomized factorial vignettes to examine whether the seriousness of the offense, peer involvement, and the offender's race, age, sex, and prior record influence support for parental responsibility. We found that participants in our study placed substantial responsibility on parents for dealing with juvenile offenders; however, support for punishing the parents was low, while the importance attached to enrolling parents in training was high. Views on parental responsibility were influenced by the age of the juvenile and the seriousness of the offense. The implications of these findings and how they fit in with previous work are discussed

Environmental impact of wind energy:Synthesis and Review

One purpose of wind turbines is to provide pollution-free electric power at a reasonable price in an environmentally sound way. In this focus issue the latest research on the environmental impact of wind farms is presented. Offshore wind farms affect the marine fauna in both positive and negative ways. For example, some farms are safe havens for porpoises while other farms show fewer harbor porpoises even after ten years. Atmospheric computer experiments are carried out to investigate the possible impact and resource of future massive installations of wind turbines. The following questions are treated. What is the global capacity for energy production by the wind? Will the added turbulence and reduced wind speeds generated by massive wind farms cool or heat the surface? Can wind farms affect precipitation? It is also shown through life-cycle analysis how wind energy can reduce the atmospheric emission of eight air pollutants. Finally, noise generation and its impact on humans are studied

A Human Development Framework for CO2 Reductions

Although developing countries are called to participate in CO2 emission reduction efforts to avoid dangerous climate change, the implications of proposed reduction schemes in human development standards of developing countries remain a matter of debate. We show the existence of a positive and time-dependent correlation between the Human Development Index (HDI) and per capita CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Employing this empirical relation, extrapolating the HDI, and using three population scenarios, the cumulative CO2 emissions necessary for developing countries to achieve particular HDI thresholds are assessed following a Development As Usual approach (DAU). If current demographic and development trends are maintained, we estimate that by 2050 around 85% of the world's population will live in countries with high HDI (above 0.8). In particular, 300Gt of cumulative CO2 emissions between 2000 and 2050 are estimated to be necessary for the development of 104 developing countries in the year 2000. This value represents between 20% to 30% of previously calculated CO2 budgets limiting global warming to 2{\deg}C. These constraints and results are incorporated into a CO2 reduction framework involving four domains of climate action for individual countries. The framework reserves a fair emission path for developing countries to proceed with their development by indexing country-dependent reduction rates proportional to the HDI in order to preserve the 2{\deg}C target after a particular development threshold is reached. Under this approach, global cumulative emissions by 2050 are estimated to range from 850 up to 1100Gt of CO2. These values are within the uncertainty range of emissions to limit global temperatures to 2{\deg}C.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures, 1 tabl

An interdisciplinary system dynamics model for post-disaster housing recovery

Many previous disasters have demonstrated the need for extensive personal, public, and governmental expenditures for housing recovery highlighting the importance of studying housing recovery. Yet, much research is still needed to fully understand the multi-faceted and complex nature of housing recovery. The goal of this paper is to present a holistic model to further the understanding of the dynamic processes and interdependencies of housing recovery. The impetus for this work is that inequalities in housing recovery could be addressed more effectively if we better understood interconnected factors and dynamic processes that slow down recovery for some. Currently, there is a lack of understanding about such factors and processes. Literature from engineering and social sciences was reviewed to develop an integrated system dynamics model for post-disaster housing recovery. While it is beyond current capabilities to quantify such complexities, the presented model takes a major stride toward articulating the complex phenomenon that is housing recovery

Prospectus, December 4, 1985

https://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1985/1029/thumbnail.jp