Socio-Demographic Patterning of Physical Activity across Migrant Groups in India: Results from the Indian Migration Study

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between rural to urban migration and physical activity (PA) in India. METHODS: 6,447 (42% women) participants comprising 2077 rural, 2,094 migrants and 2,276 urban were recruited. Total activity (MET hr/day), activity intensity (min/day), PA Level (PAL) television viewing and sleeping (min/day) were estimated and associations with migrant status examined, adjusting for the sib-pair design, age, site, occupation, education, and socio-economic position (SEP). RESULTS: Total activity was highest in rural men whereas migrant and urban men had broadly similar activity levels (p<0.001). Women showed similar patterns, but slightly lower levels of total activity. Sedentary behaviour and television viewing were lower in rural residents and similar in migrant and urban groups. Sleep duration was highest in the rural group and lowest in urban non-migrants. Migrant men had considerably lower odds of being in the highest quartile of total activity than rural men, a finding that persisted after adjustment for age, SEP and education (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.37, 0.74). For women, odds ratios attenuated and associations were removed after adjusting for age, SEP and education. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that migrants have already acquired PA levels that closely resemble long-term urban residents. Effective public health interventions to increase PA are needed

The effectiveness of e-&amp; mHealth interventions to promote physical activity and healthy diets in developing countries: a systematic review

Background: Promoting physical activity and healthy eating is important to combat the unprecedented rise in NCDs in many developing countries. Using modern information-and communication technologies to deliver physical activity and diet interventions is particularly promising considering the increased proliferation of such technologies in many developing countries. The objective of this systematic review is to investigate the effectiveness of e-&amp; mHealth interventions to promote physical activity and healthy diets in developing countries.Methods: Major databases and grey literature sources were searched to retrieve studies that quantitatively examined the effectiveness of e-&amp; mHealth interventions on physical activity and diet outcomes in developing countries. Additional studies were retrieved through citation alerts and scientific social media allowing study inclusion until August 2016. The CONSORT checklist was used to assess the risk of bias of the included studies.Results: A total of 15 studies conducted in 13 developing countries in Europe, Africa, Latin-and South America and Asia were included in the review. The majority of studies enrolled adults who were healthy or at risk of diabetes or hypertension. The average intervention length was 6.4 months, and text messages and the Internet were the most frequently used intervention delivery channels. Risk of bias across the studies was moderate (55.7 % of the criteria fulfilled). Eleven studies reported significant positive effects of an e-&amp; mHealth intervention on physical activity and/or diet behaviour. Respectively, 50 % and 70 % of the interventions were effective in promoting physical activity and healthy diets.Conclusions: The majority of studies demonstrated that e-&amp; mHealth interventions were effective in promoting physical activity and healthy diets in developing countries. Future interventions should use more rigorous study designs, investigate the cost-effectiveness and reach of interventions, and focus on emerging technologies, such as smart phone apps and wearable activity trackers.Trial registration: The review protocol can be retrieved from the PROSPERO database (Registration ID: CRD42015029240)

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Dynamic NMR investigations of fluxionality of 2-(dimethoxymethyl)pyridine and 2,6-bis(dimethoxymethyl)pyridine in rhenium(I) and platinum(IV) complexes

The ligands 2-(dimethoxymethyl)pyridine (L-1) and 2,6-bis(dimethoxymethyl)pyridine (L-2) formed bidentate chelate complexes with the isoelectronic transition metal moieties (ReX)-X-I(CO)(3) and (PtXMe3)-X-IV (X=halide). The complexes [ReX(CO)(3)L-1] (X=Cl or Br), [PtXMe3L1] (X=Br or I) and [ReBr(CO)(3)L-2] in organic solvents were shown by NMR to undergo fluxional processes which interconvert co-ordinated and pendant OMe groups. Rates and activation energies of these fluxions were measured by NMR methods (1-dimensional bandshape analysis or 2-dimensional exchange spectroscopy). Magnitudes of DeltaG double dagger (;) (298.15 K) for the fluxions were in the range 59-85 kJ mol(-1) with the order being Re-I-L-1&gt; Re-I-L-2&gt; Pt-IV-L-1. A carbon-carbon bond rotation mechanism is proposed for the fluxions in the L-1 complexes and concerted C-C bond rotation/metallotropic shift processes for the L-2 complexes. Crystal structures of [ReCl(CO)(3)L-1] and [PtIMe3L1] revealed distorted octahedral metal centres with N-M-O 'bite' angles of 73-75 degrees and a trans relationship of the axial halide and pendant OMe group

Stereochemically non-rigid transition metal complexes of 2,6-bis(phenyliminomethyl)pyridine and derivatives. Crystal structure of fac- ReBr(CO)(3)(PMTFA) (PMTFA=2,6-pyridylene-bis-(methylene-2-trifluoromethylaniline)

The Schiff bases 2,6-bis(phenyliminomethyl)pyridine and its derivatives (L) form bidentate chelate complexes with transition metals Re-I, Pt-IV and Pd-II of general formulation fac-[ReBr(Co)(3)L], fac-[PtXMe3L] (X = Cl, Br or I), and cis-[Pd(p-CF3C6F4)(2)L]. In solution these complexes are stereochemically non-rigid, undergoing 1,4-metallotropic shifts and restricted rotations of the substituted aromatic rings attached to the metal-coordinated imino nitrogen. Rates and activation energies of these internal motions were measured by one-dimensional NMR bandshape analysis and two-dimensional EXSY NMR experiments over a range of solution temperatures. Free energy values, DeltaG(double dagger) (298.15 K), for the fluxional shifts were in the range 76-97 kJ mol(-1) with the Pd-II complexes having the lowest energies. An X-ray crystal structure of fac-[ReBr(CO)(3)PMTFA] (PMTFA = 2,6-pyridylene-bis(methylene-2-trifluoroaniline)) showed the pendant imine function to be in an E-conformation with its nitrogen trans to the pyridyl nitrogen

Solution fluxionality of some pyridine-2,6-dialdehydes, -diketones and -diesters when acting as bidentate ligands in rhenium(I) and platinum(IV) complexes. Crystal structure of ReBr(CO)(3)L (L = methylethyldipicolinate)

2,6-Disubstituted pyridines, where the substituents are aldehyde, ketone or ester functions, form bidentate chelate complexes with the transition metal moieties fac-(ReX)-X-I(CO)(3) (X = halogen). 2-Substituted pyridines, where the substituents are aldehyde or ester functions, form similar types of complexes with the isoelectronic transition metal moieties fac-(ReX)-X-I(CO), and (PtXMe3)-X-IV. The fac-(ReX)-X-I(CO)(3) complexes of the 2,6-disubstituted pyridine ligands were shown by H-1 NMR spectra to undergo metallotropic shifts whereby the Re coordination switches between adjacent ON pairs of the ONO ligand donor set. Rates and activation energies of these fluxional shifts were measured by dynamic NMR bandshape analysis. Magnitudes of DeltaG(double dagger) (298.15 K) were in the range 59-64 kJ mol(-1) for the diketone and diester ligands. The dialdehyde ligand, 2,6-pyridinedicarboxaldehyde, formed an appreciably less-stable Re-I complex that was highly fluxional and showed a tendency to dissociation at ambient solution temperatures. The unsymmetrical diester ligand, methylethyldipicolinate, formed two distinct Re-I complex species in solution, in the approximate abundance ratio of 2:1, the more abundant structure involving coordination to the carbonyl of the ethyl ester function. This particular complex forms exclusively in the solid state and an X-ray crystal structure of [ReBr(CO)(3)L] (L = methylethyldipicolinate) is reported