325 research outputs found
Effects of microclimate and human parameters on outdoor thermal sensation in the high-density tropical context of Dhaka
open access articleA thermal comfort questionnaire survey was carried out in the high-density, tropical city Dhaka. Comfort responses from over
1300 subjects were collected at six different sites, alongside meteorological parameters. The effect of personal and psychological
parameters was examined in order to develop predictive models. Personal parameters included gender, age, activity, professiontype
(indoor or outdoor-based), exposure to air-conditioned space and sweat-levels. Psychological parameters, such as âthe
reason for visiting the placeâ and ânext destination is air-conditionedâ, had statistically significant effects on thermal sensation.
Other parameters, such as âbody typeâ, âbody exposure to sunâ, âtime living in Dhakaâ, âtravelling in last_30 minâ, and âhot foodâ
did not have any significant impact. Respondentsâ humidity, wind speed and solar radiation sensation had profound impacts and
people were found willing to adjust to the thermal situations with adaptive behaviour. Based on actual sensation votes from the
survey, empirical models are developed to predict outdoor thermal sensation in the case study areas. Ordinal linear regression
techniques are applied for predicting thermal sensation by considering meteorological and personal conditions of the field survey.
The inclusion of personal and weather opinion factors produced an improvement in models based on meteorological factors. The
models were compared with the actual thermal sensation using the cross-tabulation technique. The predictivity of the three
models (meteorological, thermos-physiological and combined parameter) as expressed by the gamma coefficient were 0.575,
0.636 and 0.727, respectively. In all three models, better predictability was observed in the âSlightly Warmâ (71% in meteorological
model) and âHotâ (64.9% in combined parameter model) categoriesâthe most important ones in a hot-humid climate
Outdoor thermal comfort and summer PET range: A field study in tropical city Dhaka
© 2019 Elsevier B.V. Urban microclimate has important consequences on the thermal sensation of pedestrians. However, the extent of this effect may vary as other parameters such as respondentsâ personal factors, psychological and behavioural aspects and cultural backgrounds may be involved. This heightens the need for subjective assessment and on-site questionnaire surveys alongside objective field measurements to understand outdoor comfort conditions which is essential for creating sustainable urban spaces. In this study thermal comfort conditions outdoors are examined through field surveys in the high-density, tropical city Dhaka, where extensive microclimatic monitoring has been carried out in parallel to subjective responses of the pedestrians. Microclimatic conditions, which are affected by the urban geometry, are found to be statistically correlated with thermal sensation votes (TSV), with air temperature, globe temperature and mean radiant temperature being the most important parameters (correlation coefficients of r = 0.47, 0.45 and 0.44 respectively). The study also reports the effect of urban geometry parameters on microclimatic conditions, identifying strong correlations with globe temperature (r = â0.50), mean radiant temperature (r = â0.48) and wind speed (r = 0.72). Furthermore, the study proposes acceptable ranges (upper limits) for PET for the tropical climate of Dhaka with a âNeutralâ range between 29.5° and 32.5 °C confirming that people in outdoor conditions will feel comfortable at a higher PET range.Schlumberger Foundatio
Ruthenium and osmium carbonyl clusters incorporating stannylene and stannyl ligands
The reaction of [Ruâ (CO)ââ] with PhâSnSPh in refluxing benzene furnished the bimetallic Ru-Sn compound [Ruâ(CO)â(ÎŒ-SPh)â(ÎŒ3-SnPhâ)(SnPhâ)â] 1 which consists of a SnPhâ stannylene bonded to three Ru atoms to give a planar tetra-metal core, with two peripheral SnPhâ ligands. The stannylene ligand forms a very short bond to one Ru atom [Sn-Ru 2.538(1) Ă
] and very long bonds to the other two [Sn-Ru 3.074(1) Ă
]. The germanium compound [Ruâ(CO)â(ÎŒ-SPh)â(ÎŒâ-GePhâ)(GePhâ)â] 2 was obtained from the reaction of [Ruâ (CO)ââ] with PhâGeSPh and has a similar structure to that of 1 as evidenced by spectroscopic data. Treatment of [Osâ(CO)ââ(MeCN)â] with PhâSnSPh in refluxing benzene yielded the bimetallic Os-Sn compound [Osâ(CO)â(ÎŒ-SPh)(ÎŒâ-SnPhâ)(MeCN)(ÆÂč-CâHâ
)] 3. Cluster 3 has a superficially similar planar metal core, but with a different bonding mode with respect to that of 1. The PhâSn group is bonded most closely to Os(2) and Os(3) [2.7862(3) and 2.7476(3) Ă
respectively] with a significantly longer bond to Os(1), 2.9981(3) Ă
indicating a weak back-donation to the Sn. The reaction of the bridging dppm compound [Ruâ(CO)ââ(ÎŒ-dppm)] with PhâSnSPh afforded [Ruâ(CO)â(ÎŒ-dppm)(ÎŒâ-S)(ÎŒâ-SPh)(SnPhâ)] 5. Compound 5 contains an open triangle of Ru atoms simultaneously capped by a sulfido and a PhS ligand on opposite sides of the cluster with a dppm ligand bridging one of the Ru-Ru edges and a PhâSn group occupying an axial position on the Ru atom not bridged by the dppm ligand
Lâeffet des outils pĂ©dagogiques sur la comprĂ©hension spatiale dans lâenseignement des sciences de la santĂ© : une revue systĂ©matique
Background: The concept of spatial orientation is integral to health education. Students studying to be healthcare professionals use their visual intelligence to develop 3D mental models from 2D images, like X-rays, MRI, and CT scans, which exerts a heavy cognitive load on them. Innovative teaching tools and technologies are being developed to improve studentsâ learning experiences. However, the impact of these teaching modalities on spatial understanding is not often evaluated. This systematic review aims to investigate current literature to identify which teaching tools and techniques are intended to improve the 3D sense of students and how these tools impact learnersâ spatial understanding.
Methods: The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed for the systematic review. Four databases were searched with multiple search terms. The articles were screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and assessed for quality.
Results: Nineteen articles were eligible for our systematic review. Teaching tools focused on improving spatial concepts can be grouped into five categories. The review findings reveal that the experimental groups have performed equally well or significantly better in tests and tasks with access to the teaching tool than the control groups.
Conclusion: Our review investigated the current literature to identify and categorize teaching tools shown to improve spatial understanding in healthcare professionals. The teaching tools identified in our review showed improvement in measured, and perceived spatial intelligence. However, a wide variation exists among the teaching tools and assessment techniques. We also identified knowledge gaps and future research opportunities.Contexte : Le concept dâorientation spatiale fait partie intĂ©grante de lâenseignement des professions de la santĂ©. Les Ă©tudiants qui sây destinent utilisent leur intelligence visuelle pour se reprĂ©senter mentalement en 3D des images en 2D comme la radiographie, lâIRM et le tomodensitogramme, ce qui constitue une lourde charge cognitive. On dĂ©veloppe actuellement des technologies et des outils pĂ©dagogiques innovants pour amĂ©liorer lâexpĂ©rience dâapprentissage des Ă©tudiants. Cependant, lâimpact de ces ressources pĂ©dagogiques sur la comprĂ©hension spatiale est rarement Ă©valuĂ©. Lâobjectif de cette revue systĂ©matique de la littĂ©rature Ă©tait de recenser les outils et techniques pĂ©dagogiques destinĂ©s Ă amĂ©liorer la perception 3D des apprenants et dâexaminer les effets de ces outils sur leur comprĂ©hension spatiale.
MĂ©thodes : Suivant les lignes directrices PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis), nous avons consultĂ© quatre bases de donnĂ©es avec des termes de recherche multiples, examinĂ© les articles recensĂ©s en fonction de critĂšres dâinclusion et dâexclusion, et Ă©valuĂ© leur qualitĂ©.
RĂ©sultats : Dix-neuf articles correspondaient aux critĂšres dâinclusion. Les outils pĂ©dagogiques axĂ©s sur lâamĂ©lioration des concepts spatiaux peuvent ĂȘtre regroupĂ©s en cinq catĂ©gories. Lâexamen a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que les rĂ©sultats obtenus par les groupes expĂ©rimentaux ayant utilisĂ© lâoutil pĂ©dagogique pour effectuer les tests et les tĂąches sont aussi bons ou significativement meilleurs que les rĂ©sultats obtenus par les groupes tĂ©moins.
Conclusion : Notre revue de la littĂ©rature visant Ă recenser et catĂ©goriser les outils pĂ©dagogiques a montrĂ© que ces derniers amĂ©liorent la comprĂ©hension spatiale, notamment lâintelligence spatiale mesurĂ©e et perçue, des professionnels de la santĂ©. Toutefois, il existe une grande variation entre les divers outils pĂ©dagogiques et techniques dâĂ©valuation. Nous avons Ă©galement relevĂ© les lacunes dans les connaissances et les pistes de recherche future
An electron-deficient triosmium cluster containing the thianthrene ligand: Synthesis, structure and reactivity of [Osâ(CO)â(ÎŒ3-η2-CââHâSâ)(ÎŒ-H)]
Reaction of [Osâ(CO)ââ(CHâCN)â] with thianthrene at 80 °C leads to the nonacarbonyl dihydride compound [Osâ(CO)â(ÎŒ-3,4-ηÂČ-CââHâSâ)(ÎŒ-H)â] (1) and the 46-electron monohydride compound [Osâ(CO)â(ÎŒâ-ηÂČ-CââHâSâ)(ÎŒ-H)] (2). Compound 2 reacts reversibly with CO to give the CO adduct [Osâ(CO)ââ(ÎŒ-ηÂČ-CââHâSâ)(ÎŒ-H)] (3) whereas with PPhâ it gives the addition product [Osâ(CO)â)(PPhâ)(ÎŒ-ηÂČ-CââHâSâ)(ÎŒ-H)] (4) as well as the substitution product 1,2-[Osâ(CO)ââ ((PPhâ)â] (5) Compound 2 represents a unique example of an electron-deficient triosmium cluster in which the thianthrene ring is bound to cluster by coordination of the sulfur lone pair and a three-center-two-electron bond with the C(2) carbon which bridges the same edge of the triangle as the hydride. Electrochemical and DFT studies which elucidate the electronic properties of 2 are reported
Harmonious accordance of indoor-outdoor thermal comfort and building energy performance by ameliorating urban microclimate in different urban block types in tropical climate
The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link. Open access.This paper explores the effect of outdoor microclimatic environment upon indoor conditions for different urban block types in hot-humid climate. The main focus here is on courtyard patterns, considering its potentials for hot-humid climate is not fully understood yet. Courtyard spaces have been examined in conjunction with the internal spaces of surrounding buildings with the aim to create a link between both. Based on theoretical models, it intends to devise strategies to optimise both indoor-outdoor thermal comfort and building energy performance while enabling the building designers and urban professionals to consider these essential issues at the early design stage. For this study, four simplified archetypal urban arrays are selected, primarily developed by Martin and March. These are: pavilions, enclosed courtyard pavilions, open-square and open-rectangular courtyard pavilions. Firstly, it has observed the microclimatic characteristics of the geometric patterns through a high resolution CFD microclimatic model: ENVI-met. Thermal comfort in the adjacent and enclosed outdoor spaces was assessed against Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) index with the aid of Rayman 1.2. Secondly, the energy performance of the surrounding buildings was analysed by IES-VE: a building performance modelling tool. The methodology and results from the current study can be integrated in the future urban planning processes in a high-density warm-humid context
Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS Application
The study and the design of rectangular microstrip patch antenna for multiband applications are presented in this paper. They can be simulated on antenna design softwareâs such as High Frequency Simulation Software (HFSS), Advanced Design System Momentum (ADS) and Agilent Vector Network Analyzer (E8361A) where different feeding techniques have been deployed to get the desired results. Two rectangular microstrip patch antennas of frequencies 1.5 GHz and 2.4 GHz are designed and simulated on HFSS
Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS Application
The study and the design of rectangular microstrip patch antenna for multiband applications are presented in this paper. They can be simulated on antenna design softwareâs such as High Frequency Simulation Software (HFSS), Advanced Design System Momentum (ADS) and Agilent Vector Network Analyzer (E8361A) where different feeding techniques have been deployed to get the desired results. Two rectangular microstrip patch antennas of frequencies 1.5 GHz and 2.4 GHz are designed and simulated on HFSS
Parental supply of alcohol in childhood and risky drinking in adolescence: Systematic review and meta-analysis
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Whether parental supply of alcohol affects the likelihood of later adolescent risky drinking remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesize findings from longitudinal studies investigating this association. We searched eight electronic databases up to 10 September 2016 for relevant terms and included only original English language peer-reviewed journal articles with a prospective design. Two reviewers independently screened articles, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Seven articles met inclusion criteria, six of which used analytic methods allowing for meta-analysis. In all seven studies, the follow-up period was â„12 months and attrition ranged from 3% to 15%. Parental supply of alcohol was associated with subsequent risky drinking (odds ratio = 2.00, 95% confidence interval = 1.72, 2.32); however, there was substantial risk of confounding bias and publication bias. In all studies, measurement of exposure was problematic given the lack of distinction between parental supply of sips of alcohol versus whole drinks. In conclusion, parental supply of alcohol in childhood is associated with an increased likelihood of risky drinking later in adolescence. However, methodological limitations preclude a causal inference. More robust longitudinal studies are needed, with particular attention to distinguishing sips from whole drinks, measurement of likely confounders, and multivariable adjustment
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