Antimicrobial resistance at the livestock-human interface: Implications for veterinary services

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health issue but also jeopardises the efficiency of antimicrobials to cure animal infections that threatens their health, welfare and productivity. Several reports show that infections by antimicrobial resistant pathogens in humans may be linked to antimicrobial use (AMU) and AMR in food-producing animals; however, to what extent this happens is unknown. Use of antimicrobials drives the emergence of AMR, therefore, the extensive over and misuse in livestock is of concern. Robust AMU and AMR data are important to monitor the progress of interventions aiming to reduce AMR in the livestock sector. Several countries have incomplete data on antibiotic sales or use and our current knowledge on the global AMU is primarily based on modelling estimates. Antimicrobial resistance prevalence data are scattered, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, but in some high-income regions fairly robust data are available. It should also be noted that monitoring guidelines and protocols are available to provide globally harmonised AMR data. Disease prevention without antimicrobials and rational use of antimicrobials are key to reducing AMU. This involves: a) accessible and affordable veterinary services to farmers; b) antibiotics only sold by prescription; c) veterinarians earn no revenue linked to sale or prescription of antibiotics; d) veterinarians must have substantial skills in preventive medicine including good animal husbandry, efficient biosecurity and vaccinology; and e) the added values of these measures must appeal to farmers so they are willing to pay for that service

Risk factors associated with Campylobacter detected by PCR in humans and animals in rural Cambodia

Campylobacter are worldwide-occurring zoonotic bacteria, with the species Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli commonly associated with diarrhoea in children in low-income countries. In this cross-sectional study, the prevalence of C. jejuni and C. coli in human and livestock faecal samples was detected by PCR and zoonotic risk factors associated with human Campylobacter positivity were identified. In total 681 humans and 753 livestock (chickens, ducks, pigs, cattle) from 269 households were sampled. Children aged < 16 years were more frequently Campylobacter positive (19%) than adults (8%) and multilevel logistic models revealed that human C. jejuni positivity was associated with the following household practices: home-slaughtering [odds ratio (OR) 2.4, P = 0.01], allowing animals access to sleeping and food preparation areas (OR 2.8, P = 0.02), and eating undercooked meat (OR 6.6, P = 0.05), while frequent consumption of beef was protective (OR 0.9, P = 0.05). Associations were stronger for home-slaughtering (OR 4.9, P = 0.004) with C. jejuni infection in children only. Campylobacter was highly prevalent in pigs (72%) and chickens (56%) and risk factors associated with human Campylobacter positivity were identified throughout the meat production chain. The findings underline the importance of studying source attributions throughout the production chain and the need for upgraded understanding of Campylobacter epidemiology in low-income countries

Quantitative risk assessment of salmonellosis in Cambodian consumers through chicken and pork salad consumption

Salmonella is a globally important foodborne bacterial pathogen that poses a high risk to human health. This study aimed to estimate the risk to Cambodian consumers from acquiring salmonellosis after consuming chicken and pork salad, using a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). Chicken and pork salads are typical Cambodian dishes containing raw vegetables and boiled chicken meat or pork. As previously described, chicken meat and pork samples (n = 204 of each) were collected from traditional markets in 25 Cambodian provinces to generate data on Salmonella contamination. Salad preparation and consumption practices were surveyed in 93 Cambodian households and this information was used to design an experiment to assess Salmonella cross-contamination from raw meat to ready-to-eat salad. In the part of the study reported here, data on consumption, Salmonella in salad, dose-response, and predicted salmonellosis were modeled using Monte Carlo simulations at 10,000 iterations. The prevalence of Salmonella in chicken meat and pork were set to 42.6 and 45.1%, respectively, with average most probable number (MPN) per gram of Salmonella in chicken meat was 10.6 and in pork 11.1 MPN/g, based on an earlier study. Half of the interviewed households cooked meat for the salad directly after purchase. The QMRA model showed that the modeled annual risk of salmonellosis from consuming chicken salad, pork salad and both chicken and pork salad were 11.1% probability of illness per person per year (90% CI 0.0–35.1), 4.0% (90% CI 0.0–21.3), and 14.5% (90% CI 0.0–33.5), respectively. The factors most influencing the estimate were cross-contamination while preparing the salad, followed by the prevalence of Salmonella in chicken meat and pork at the market. The wide confidence interval for the incidence was mainly due to the variability in reducing bacteria concentration by cooking and salad consumption. The predicted risk of salmonellosis due to chicken and pork salad consumption is high, and the study provides evidence supporting control measures of improving the safety of retailed chicken and pork obtained from markets to households and improving food preparation methods in the household

Detection of Low Pathogenicity Influenza A(H7N3) Virus during Duck Mortality Event, Cambodia, 2017

In January 2017, an estimated 3,700 (93%) of 4,000 Khaki Campbell ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) died in Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia. We detected low pathogenicity avian influenza A(H7N3) virus and anatid herpesvirus 1 (duck plague) in the affected flock; however, the exact cause of the mortality event remains unclear

Applicable Artificial Neural Network Modeling For ready mix Concrete industry

摘要 混凝土是營建工程的常見材料，其中抗壓強度是混凝土品質評估的重要指標之一，而坍度則是現場工作性的重要指標。過去研究使用不同方法針對材料配比所產生的抗壓強度、坍度製作預估模型，其中最常見也具高準確率的是類神經網路技術。 然而前人之研究僅考量混凝土配比設計之材料用量之自變數(如水灰比、用水量、水泥用量、細粒料用量、粗粒料用量及飛灰用量 )，即有準確率高的效果。但未考量混凝土材料性質變數對混凝土抗壓強度造成之影響，故本研究嘗試加入混凝土材料性質之新增變數，以探討其影響程度。 為建立一通用模型，本研究收集業界不同來源之混凝土抗壓強度、坍度數據共600筆，並提出其他9項自變數：粗骨材之最大粒徑、粗骨材之磨損率、粗骨材之面乾比重、粗骨材之吸水率、粗骨材之乾搗單位重、細骨材之細度模數、細骨材之75μm含量、細骨材之面乾比重、細骨材之吸水率，冀望這些新變數能反應不同料源的材料特性。 案例成果說明 6 項舊變數所建立之配比模型，其 RMSE 誤差值皆高於 15 項自變數模型的誤差值。多考慮 9 項新變數的確有助於抗壓強度、坍度的預估準確度，顯示不同料源之材料特性可以此 15 項自變數表示之。摘要 -----------------------------------------------------------------i 目錄---------------------------------------------------------------iii 表目錄--------------------------------------------------------------iv 圖目錄---------------------------------------------------------------v 第一章 緒論 1 一、研究動機 1 二、研究方法 1 第二章 文獻回顧 2 一、類神經網路概述 2 二、混凝土概述 6 第三章 規劃與測試 19 一、類神經網路系統測試軟體 19 二、建構類神經網路推估混凝土強度模式 19 第四章 結論與建議 21 一、結論 21 二、建議 21 參考文獻 22 附錄A混凝土配比設計、抗壓強度及坍度資料表 24 附錄B混凝土28天抗壓強度及坍度TRAINNING與TEST測試結果表 56 附錄C混凝土28天抗壓強度及坍度X1-X15與X10-X15 TEST測試結果比較圖 68 附錄D混凝土28天抗壓強度及坍度TRAINNING與TEST比較圖 69 附錄E粗骨材最大粒徑9項新變數直方圖 71 附錄F粗骨材最大粒徑9項新變數散佈圖 7

Antimicrobial resistance in Cambodia: a review

Objectives Following the launch of the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS), antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rates in many countries remain poorly described. This review provides an overview of published AMR data from Cambodia in the context of recently initiated national human and food-animal surveillance. Methods PubMed and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched for articles published from 2000 to 2018, which reported antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) data for GLASS specific organisms isolated from Cambodia. Articles were screened using strict inclusion/exclusion criteria. AST data was extracted, with medians and ranges of resistance rates calculated for specific bug-drug combinations. Results Twenty-four papers were included for final analysis, with 20 describing isolates from human populations. Escherichia coli was the most commonly described organism, with median resistance rates from human isolates of 92.8% (n = 6 articles), 46.4% (n = 4), 55.4% (n = 8), and 46.4% (n = 5) to ampicillin, 3rd generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and gentamicin respectively. Conclusions Whilst resistance rates are high for several GLASS organisms, there were insufficient data to draw robust conclusions about the AMR situation in Cambodia. The recently implemented national AMR surveillance systems will begin to address this data gap

Antimicrobial resistance in Cambodia: a review

Objectives Following the launch of the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS), antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rates in many countries remain poorly described. This review provides an overview of published AMR data from Cambodia in the context of recently initiated national human and food-animal surveillance. Methods PubMed and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched for articles published from 2000 to 2018, which reported antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) data for GLASS specific organisms isolated from Cambodia. Articles were screened using strict inclusion/exclusion criteria. AST data was extracted, with medians and ranges of resistance rates calculated for specific bug-drug combinations. Results Twenty-four papers were included for final analysis, with 20 describing isolates from human populations. Escherichia coli was the most commonly described organism, with median resistance rates from human isolates of 92.8% (n = 6 articles), 46.4% (n = 4), 55.4% (n = 8), and 46.4% (n = 5) to ampicillin, 3rd generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and gentamicin respectively. Conclusions Whilst resistance rates are high for several GLASS organisms, there were insufficient data to draw robust conclusions about the AMR situation in Cambodia. The recently implemented national AMR surveillance systems will begin to address this data gap