Development of paleoseismic trench logging and dating techniques: a case study on the Central North Anatolian Fault

The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is a dextral strike slip fault zone extending ~1400km in an arc across northern Turkey. This study seeks to further constrain the timing of ground rupturing earthquakes of the NAF while developing the techniques used in paleoseismology. A paleoseismic trench was opened ~2.7km NW of Destek on a segment which ruptured (for ~280km) in the 1943 Tosya Earthquake (Mw:7.7). The trench site comprises a pop-up structure formed by a small releasing step-over at a restraining bend which has caused progressive growth of an upslope facing scarp. The trench is situated across the main fault trace and a trapped sedimentary sequence that includes several paleosoils. The stratigraphy is expected to be Late Holocene and historic in age due to the high level of activity on the NAF, although this has yet to be confirmed by radiometric dating. Preliminary interpretation of the trench stratigraphy indicates a record of up to 6 paleoearthquake events, the presence of an angular unconformity suggests the record may be incomplete beyond the 3 most recent events on this strand.Subtle contrasts in stratigraphy made conventional face logging difficult and was therefore augmented by mapping the magnetic susceptibility (MS) of the west wall. Approximately 6000 measurements were made using a Bartington MS2 Magnetic Susceptibility Meter with a MS2E (point) Sensor with a 5cm vertical spacing and a 20cm horizontal spacing predominantly on one side of the trench. A pilot test led to development of a strategy of moving the sensor to the nearest exposure of coarse sand or finer grained material where possible to minimize the noise generated by individual clasts. To negate the sensitivity of the MS logging method to variations in temperature the survey was conducted at night. Plotted data clearly shows the contact between rock units, the rock-soil interface (reflecting fault juxtaposition), anthropogenic influence and some soil stratigraphy. Other paleoseismic investigations on this section of the NAF (Hartleb R. et al 2003 and Yoshioka T. et al 2000) have encountered out-of-stratigraphic-order ranges in 14C ages. They attributed this to reworking, in addition to which the effects of long term human occupation are likely to be similar. The trench yielded a large amount of datable material including 158 charcoal and 140 minute gastropod samples, and some ceramic, bone and slag samples. Unlike charcoal and bone fragments, fragile minute gastropods are unlikely to have been transported, reworked or used by humans, ultimately providing improved accuracy of temporal constraints on paleoearthquakes. Using both charcoal and gastropod samples, the trench chronology can be established and the use of minute gastropods for dating paleoearthquakes can be critiqued

The impact of glycaemic variability on wound healing in the diabetic foot – a retrospective study of new ulcers presenting to a specialist multidisciplinary foot clinic

Aims: Glycaemic variability – the visit-to-visit variation in HbA1c – plays a possible role in the development of micro and macrovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Whether HbA1c variability is a factor determining wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers remains unknown. We aimed to determine whether HbA1c variability is associated with foot ulcer healing time. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients presenting to our specialist multidisciplinary foot clinic between July 2013 and March 2015, with at least three HbA1c measurements within five years of presentation and more than two follow-up reviews. HbA1c variation was measured by magnitude of standard deviation. Results: 629 new referrals were seen between July 2013 and March 2015. Of these, 172 patients had their number of days to healing recorded and sufficient numbers of HbA1c values to determine variability. The overall geometric mean days to heal was 91.1 days (SD 80.8 to 102.7). In the low HbA1c variability group the geometric mean days to heal was 78.0 days (60.2 to 101.2) vs 126.9 days (102.0 to 158.0) in the high Hb1Ac variability group (p=0.032). Those with low HbA1c (< 58 mmol/mol) and low variability healed faster than those with high HbA1c and high variability (73.5 days [59.5 to 90.8] vs 111.0 days [92.0 to 134.0], p=0.007). Additionally, our results show that time to healing is more dependent on the mean HbA1c than the variability in HbA1c (p=0.007). Conclusions/interpretation: Our data suggest that there was a significant association between HbA1c variability and healing time in diabetic foot ulcers

Fine-tuning the Electronic Structure of Organic Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

A series of metal-free organic dyes exploiting different combinations of (hetero)cyclic linkers (benzene, thiophene, and thiazole) and bridges (4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene (CPDT) and benzodithiophene (BDT)) as the central pi-spacers were synthesized and characterized. Among them, the sensitizer containing the thiophene and CPDT showed the most broad incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency spectra, resulting in a solar energy conversion efficiency (eta) of 6.6%

Modifikasi Proses Penambahan Bulir Sari Buah Jambu Biji: Analisis Mutu dan Tekno-Ekonomi

Telah banyak produk minuman sari buah jambu biji yang ada di pasaran. Untuk menarik perhatian konsumen maka dilakukan pengembangan produk minuman sari buah jambu dengan penambahan bulir buah sebagai sensasi buah asli. Penambahan bulir buah dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan by product berupa biji, kulit, dan pulp yang tidak lolos saring dan terbuang pada proses produksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menambahkan bulir pada sari buah jambu dengan tiga modifikasi proses tertentu (kontrol, penambahan bulir pada mixing tank, pada thermo tank) dan mengamati pengaruhnya terhadap sifat fisik, kimia, tingkat kesukaan, dan analisa tekno-ekonomi dari proses terpilih. Tiga perlakuan menghasilkan berat bulir 3,80-10,12 b/v, TPT 11,80-12,10obrix, pH 4,40-4,46, TAT 0,06-0,07%. 20,12-22,31 % dan penerimaan keseluruhan netral hingga agak disukai. Perlakuan penambahan bulir pada mixing tank memiliki tingkat kesukaan tertinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan sari buah yang lebih disukai adalah dengan berat bulir 5,77% b/v, TPT 12,37 obrix, pH 4,40, TAT 0,06%,dan vitamin C 21,82 ppm. Analisa tekno-ekonomi produksi sari buah jambu dengan kapasitas produksi 590 liter/hari diperoleh NPV Rp 805.594.483,00, Net B/C 1,10, IRR 57,00%, dan payback period selama 4 tahun 4 bulan. Pertimbangan kriteria investasi di atas menunjukkan bahwa produksi minuman sari buah jambu dengan proses terpilih layak untuk dijalankan

Modifikasi Proses Penambahan Bulir Sari Buah Jambu Biji: Analisis Mutu dan Tekno-Ekonomi

Telah banyak produk minuman sari buah jambu biji yang ada di pasaran. Untuk menarik perhatian konsumen maka dilakukan pengembangan produk minuman sari buah jambu dengan penambahan bulir buah sebagai sensasi buah asli. Penambahan bulir buah dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan by product berupa biji, kulit, dan pulp yang tidak lolos saring dan terbuang pada proses produksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menambahkan bulir pada sari buah jambu dengan tiga modifikasi proses tertentu (kontrol, penambahan bulir pada mixing tank, pada thermo tank) dan mengamati pengaruhnya terhadap sifat fisik, kimia, tingkat kesukaan, dan analisa tekno-ekonomi dari proses terpilih. Tiga perlakuan menghasilkan berat bulir 3,80-10,12 b/v, TPT 11,80-12,10obrix, pH 4,40-4,46, TAT 0,06-0,07%. 20,12-22,31 % dan penerimaan keseluruhan netral hingga agak disukai. Perlakuan penambahan bulir pada mixing tank memiliki tingkat kesukaan tertinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan sari buah yang lebih disukai adalah dengan berat bulir 5,77% b/v, TPT 12,37 obrix, pH 4,40, TAT 0,06%,dan vitamin C 21,82 ppm. Analisa tekno-ekonomi produksi sari buah jambu dengan kapasitas produksi 590 liter/hari diperoleh NPV Rp 805.594.483,00, Net B/C 1,10, IRR 57,00%, dan payback period selama 4 tahun 4 bulan. Pertimbangan kriteria investasi di atas menunjukkan bahwa produksi minuman sari buah jambu dengan proses terpilih layak untuk dijalankan

Extended pi-Bridge in Organic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: the Longer, the Better?

The elongation of pi-conjugated bridges between the donor (D) and the acceptor (A) represents a feasible strategy towards enhancement of light-harvesting in both breadth and depth of organic D-pi-A dyes suitable for nanocrystalline TiO2-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Here, a series of organic dyes with elongating conjugated bridges is synthesized and characterized. DSSC devices employing a cobalt (II/III) redox electrolyte are fabricated using these dyes as light-harvesting sensitizers. Compared to a dye with the 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) linker (G188), the three counter-parts with further extended pi-bridges present gradually red-shifted electronic absorption spectra and a persistent decrease in oxidation potential. The photocurrent action spectra show that the extension of pi-conjugated bridges decreases the open-circuit photovoltage. The best performance is shown in G268 with a short-circuit photocurrent density (J(sc)) of 16.27 mA cm(2), an open-circuit photovoltage (V-oc) of 0.83 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 0.67, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 9.24%. Unexpectedly, G270, which has with the longest pi-bridge, showed the lowest J(sc), V-oc, and efficiency