Unions and the Sword of Justice: Unions and Pay Systems, Pay Inequality, Pay Discrimination and Low Pay

Dispersion in pay is lower among union members than among non-unionists. This reflects two factors. First, union members and jobs are more homogeneous than their non-union counterparts. Second, union wage policies within and across firms lower pay dispersion. Unions' minimum wage targets also truncate the lower tail of the union distribution. There are two major consequences of these egalitarian union wage policies. First, the return to human capital is lower in firms which recognise unions than in the unorganised sector. Second, unions compress the wage structure by gender, race and occupation.Unions, pay distribution, discrimination

Special Program Issue October 2-5, 1996

Special Program Issu

Mid-Western Educational Research Association 1996 Conference

Conference Highlight

Sex-based differences in the response of resistance-trained male and female athletes to resistance exercise

Previous research on novice athletes has indicated between-sex differences in fatigability during low-intensity contractions. These studies are limited in their application, as they utilise single limb, single contraction type exercises. However, it is currently unclear whether these differences extend to resistance-trained athletes, particularly after a full-body resistance training session. The aim of this thesis was to observe the between-sex differences in muscle fatigability of resistance-trained male and female athletes. The pilot study was developed to establish whether the previously observed between-sex differences in the muscular fatigability of novice athletes extends to resistance-trained athletes. This study used a heavy knee extensor resistance exercise session, and found females had less muscular fatigue than males. Despite both sexes experiencing reductions in maximal voluntary torque, only males had reductions in rate of torque development even when between-sex differences in strength were corrected for. The results of this study informed the main study of this thesis, aimed to expose resistance-trained athletes to a ‘real world’ full-body resistance exercise session, and assess whether the between-sex differences observed in the pilot study continue to be present. Additionally, a longer period of assessment was included in the main study, to examine not only the immediate fatigue but also the recovery of the athletes following the session. This main study found both male and female athletes fatigued similarly after the full-body resistance exercise session, and all measurements had returned to baseline levels at 24 hours post exercise completion. The results of this study indicate between-sex differences can be observed in resistance-trained athletes when they are exposed to significant and localised fatigue. However, in the context of a full-body training session, these differences are no longer observed

The Mid-Western Educational Research Association\u27s Annual Meeting, October 2-5, 1996

1996 Conference Updat

Free Market Policies and Public Education: At What (Opportunity) Cost?

Presidential Addres

De Vacaciones (Going on Vacation)

De Vacaciones is a unit in which students learn to speak about going on vacations. By the end of the unit, they should be able to talk about things to do on a vacation, describe typical places to visit while on vacation, talk about events in the past using the preterit tense, and understand cultural perspectives on travel and vacation. This unit falls at the end of Spanish I (or Spanish 1B if the course is divided over two years). When starting this unit, students should already know the preterit tense of regular verbs. Throughout the unit, students will plan a trip to a Spanish-speaking city and learn about the amount of work that goes into planning a trip. The students will create a scrapbook-like presentation of the trip they planned, as if they had actually taken the trip, and will present their project to the class