Analysis on the evolution and governance of the biotechnology industry of China

The past twenty years have witnessed the high-speed growth of China’s biotechnology industry, and this presents an excellent opportunity to examine the changes that have taken place, especially, to carry out overall evaluation and governance analysis from the perspective of technology policies. Although China’s biotechnology industry has achieved tremendous extension both in scale and structure, the strengths it gained from basic research have been significantly weakened by commercialization. This has resulted in the comparatively limited scale of the whole industry, innovation-lacking products, poor output from research and development and scarcity of industrial resources. A large range of literature regarding China’s biotechnology industry attributes these outcomes to vague and even inappropriate governance, findings supported mainly by analyses based on the linear model of impact of government policies on industrial development. In these analyses, government, enterprises and companies as well as R&D organizations are either put on the opposite poles or in a straight line. After examining the nature of China’s biotechnology industry, and in particular the dynamic procedures in research and development, the authors of this paper argue that besides government, enterprises and R&D organizations, a diverse array of factors should be taken into account as we tackle issues emerging in understanding the development of China’s biotechnology industry. Furthermore, these factors, human or nonhuman, should not be arranged as opposing poles or linearly connected points on a straight line. They are in fact all knitted in networks and act as both knitters and knots. China’s biotechnology industry gains its strength to develop and evolve from these networks, thus its governance must be aimed at improving their stability and quality. Although the main disciplinary perspectives of this research are historical and sociological (including identification of the three development stages of biotechnology in China since 1978 to present days), a large number of concepts and ideas from management studies as well as an interdisciplinary approach are also incorporated into the analysis. The main model used in this research is Actor Network Theory, which is employed as a basic theoretical frame. From this starting point the authors attempt to make a closer examination of China’s biotechnology industry both at the level of technology research and development and at the level of commercialization. The modeling process in this research can be regarded as an attempt to explore the social construction of China’s biotechnology industry. The paper reveals how China’s biotechnology industry develops in the form of networks within the country’s social context and what kinds of relationships exist among the relevant factors; therefore, providing guiding insights for improving the governance of China’s biotechnology industry both in policy and management

Evolution and governance of the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry of China

The high-speed growth of China’s biotechnology industry during the past 20 years presents an excellent opportunity to examine its overall evaluation and governance from the perspective of science and technology policies. Although China’s biotechnology industry has achieved tremendous extension both in scale and structure, the strengths it has gained from achievements in research and development activities have been significantly weakened in relation to processes of commercialization. After examining the definition of China’s biotechnology industry as well as its evolution, the authors of this paper employ Actor-Networks Theory as a basic theoretical framework to reveal how China’s biotechnology industry develops in the form of evolving networks within the country’s social context and to identify what kinds of relationships exist among the relevant factors. Our hope is to provide guiding insights for improving the governance of China’s biotechnology industry both in policy and in management practices

Getting Smart: Learning From Technology-Empowered Frontline Interactions

Smart technologies are rapidly transforming frontline employee-customer interactions. However, little academic research has tackled urgent, relevant questions regarding such technology-empowered frontline interactions. The current study conceptualizes (1) smart technology use in frontline employee-customer interactions, (2) smart technology–mediated learning mechanisms that elevate service effectiveness and efficiency performance to empower frontline interactions, and (3) stakeholder interaction goals as antecedents of smart technology–mediated learning. We propose that emerging smart technologies, which can substitute for or complement frontline employees’ (FLEs) efforts to deliver customized service over time, may help resolve the long-standing tension between service efficiency and effectiveness because they can learn or enable learning from and across customers, FLEs, and interactions. Drawing from pragmatic and deliberate learning theories, the authors conceptualize stakeholder learning mechanisms that mediate the effects of frontline interaction goals on FLEs’ and customers’ effectiveness and efficiency outcomes. This study concludes with implications for research and practice

Divergent drift of Adriatic-Dinaridic and Moesian carbonate platforms during the rifting phase witnessed by triassic MVT Pb-Zn and SEDEX deposits; a metallogenic approach

Early-intracontinental rifting of Pangea is result of thermal doming in Uppermost Permian time giving rise to the formation of horst-graben  structures, followed by slow subsidence, marine transgression and evaporate deposition. Consequence of incipient magmatism are numerous geothermal fields and subterrestrial hydrothermal siderite-barite-polysulfide deposits (PALINKAŠ et al, this issue). Advanced rifting magmatism as a successive stage in Middle Triassic brought intensive submarine volcanism, accompanied by coeval sedimentation of chert and siliciclastics, building up volcanogenic-sedimentary formations. Volcanic activity with explosive phases and generation of large volumes of pyroclastic rocks in the rifts produced concomitant mineralization with numerous SEDEX deposits of Fe-Mn-Ba-polysulfides. Passive continental margins flanked by the Adria-Dinaridic carbonate platform as passive continental margin of the northern Gondwanaland and Moesian carbonate platform, as a counterpart on the European passive continental margin, were divergently drifted in the coarse of the advanced rifting. A fast growing carbonate platforms, developing gradually, covered  evidences of the earlier intracontinental rifting and their ore formations. On the other hand, the carbonate platforms themselves host specific Pb-Zn deposit, well known as Mississippi valley type, (MVT) or Bleiberg-Mežica type according the traditional european terminology. Triassic MVT and SEDEX deposits are symmetrically situated on the both sides of the divergent passive margins in this early history of the Tethyan ocean.</p

RATIONAL BASE OF A COMBINATION GENTAMICIN 0.1 % - UREA 0.2 % IN OINTMENT FORM DURING THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH SKIN BURNS

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Bar fraction in lenticular galaxies: dependence on luminosity and environment

We present a study of bars in lenticular galaxies based on a sample of 371 galaxies from the SDSS-DR 7 and 2MASS in optical and near-infrared bands, respectively. We found a bar in 15% of the lenticular galaxies in our sample, which is consistent with recent studies. The barred galaxy fraction shows a luminosity dependence, with faint lenticular galaxies (MK > -24.5, total absolute magnitude in K band) having a larger fraction of bars than bright lenticular galaxies (MK < -24.5). A similar trend is seen when Mr = -21.5, the total absolute magnitude in SDSS r band is used to divide the sample into faint and bright lenticular galaxies. We find that faint galaxies in clusters show a higher bar fraction than their counterparts in the field. This suggests that the formation of bars in lenticular galaxies not only depends on the total luminosity of galaxy but also on the environment of the host galaxy.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS: Letters, 5 pages, 4 figure