Visible-light Driven Eosin Y Catalyzed C(sp2)-H Functionalization/C–O Bond Formation for Synthesis of Benzoxazoles

Visible light mediated synthesis of benzoxazoles from benzanilides under an air atmosphere at room temperature is reported using eosin Y as an organophotoredox catalyst by functionalization of C–H/C–O bond formation. This methodology accepts a broad range of functional groups and affords the benzoxazoles by transition-metal-free organic photoredox catalysis under very mild conditions

Applying Dijkstras Algorithm in Routing Process

Network is defined as a combination of two or more nodes which are connected with each other. It allows nodes to exchange data from each other along the data connections. Routing is a process of finding the path between source and destination upon request of data transmission. There are various routing algorithms which helps in determining the path and distance over the network traffic. For routing of nodes, we can use many routing protocols. Dijkstrarsquos algorithm is one of the best shortest path search algorithms. Our focus and aim is to find the shortest path from source node to destination node. For finding the minimum path this algorithm uses the connection matrix and weight matrix Thus, a matrix consisting of paths from source node to each node is formed. We then choose a column of destination from path matrix formed and we get the shortest path. In a similar way, we choose a column from a mindis matrix for finding the minimum distance from source node to destination node. It has been applied in computer networking for routing of systems and in google maps to find the shortest possible path from one location to another location.nbs

Analysing the Adoption Barriers of Low-Carbon Operations: A Step Forward for Achieving Net-Zero Emissions

In November 2021, the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) was held in Glasgow, UK, the global leaders from nearly 200 countries stressed taking immediate action on the climate issue and how to ensure global net-zero emissions by 2030. It is possible to accelerate the transition to low-carbon energy systems, the present study seeks to identify and analyse key barriers to Low Carbon Operations (LCO) in emerging economies. A critical literature review was undertaken to recognise the barriers linked to the adoption of LCO. To validate these barriers, an empirical study with a dataset of 127 respondents from the Indian automobile industry was conducted. The validated barriers were analysed using Best Worst Method (BWM) and Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) techniques. BWM is used to determine the priority ranking of barriers, while the DEMATEL method is employed to elucidate the cause-effect inter-relationships among the listed barriers. The results suggest that ‘Economic’ is the most influential category of barriers followed by ‘Infrastructure’ and ‘Operational’. The results also show that the barriers ‘Economic’, ‘Environmental’, ‘Infrastructure’ and ‘Organizational Governance’ belong to the cause group. Some significant managerial implications are recommended to overcome these barriers and to assist firms in the successful adoption of LCO and achieving net-zero emissions. The work was carried out in the automotive industry in India but provides findings that may have wider applicability in other developing countries and beyond

TANGO: Performance and Fault Management in Cellular Networks through Cooperation between Devices and Edge Computing Nodes

Cellular networks have become an essential part of our lives. With increasing demands on its available bandwidth, we are seeing failures and performance degradations for data and voice traffic on the rise. In this paper, we propose the view that fog computing, integrated in the edge components of cellular networks, can partially alleviate this situation. In our vision, some data gathering and data analytics capability will be developed at the edge of the cellular network and client devices and the network using this edge capability will coordinate to reduce failures and performance degradations. We also envisage proactive management of disruptions including prediction of impending events of interest (such as, congestion or call drop) and deployment of appropriate mitigation actions. We show that a simple streaming media pre-caching service built using such device-fog cooperation significantly expands the number of streaming video users that can be supported in a nominal cellular network of today

Effects of the soil microbiome on the demography of two annual prairie plants

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.1. Both mutualistic and pathogenic soil microbes are known to play important roles in shaping the fitness of plants, likely affecting plants at different life cycle stages. 2. In order to investigate the differential effects of native soil mutualists and pathogens on plant fitness, we compared survival and reproduction of two annual tallgrass prairie plant species (Chamaecrista fasciculata and Coreopsis tinctoria) in a field study using 3 soil inocula treatments containing different compositions of microbes. The soil inocula types included fresh native whole soil taken from a remnant prairie containing both native mutualists and pathogens, soil enhanced with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi derived from remnant prairies, and uninoculated controls. 3. For both species, plants inoculated with native prairie AM fungi performed much better than those in uninoculated soil for all parts of the life cycle. Plants in the native whole prairie soil were either generally similar to plants in the uninoculated soil or had slightly higher survival or reproduction. 4. Overall, these results suggest that native prairie AM fungi can have important positive effects on the fitness of early successional plants. As inclusion of prairie AM fungi and pathogens decreased plant fitness relative to prairie AM fungi alone, we expect that native pathogens also can have large effects on fitness of these annuals. Our findings support the use of AM fungi to enhance plant establishment in prairie restorations.National Science Foundation (NSF DEB‐1556664)National Science Foundation (DEB‐1738041)National Science Foundation (OIA 1656006

Alternaria tenuissima Causing Alternaria Blight on Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] in India

Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] is a major grain legume of the tropics and subtropics worldwide. In India, pigeonpea is the third most important food legume after chickpea and field pea. Blight symptoms on pigeonpea were observed in alarming proportion during 2009-2011 crop seasons in Andhra Pradesh state in India. The disease incidence ranged between 20-80% irrespective of cultivars sown. The infected plants in the field showed symptoms on all the aerial parts of the plant (leaves, stems, buds and pods) irrespective of age of the plant and leaves. Symptoms on leaves were small, circular, necrotic spots that develop quickly forming typical concentric rings (Kannaiyan and Nene (1977)..

Low latitude, topside ionosphere composition and its variation with changeable solar activity

190-197The ions composition and their densities have been studied for different solar activity periods - along with their diurnal, seasonal and annual variations - for half of the 23rd solar cycle, covering solar minima (1995) to solar maxima (2000) over Indian sector (65–95ᵒE and 5–35ᵒN) at an average altitude of ~500 km. The study has been done by processing the data obtained from in situ measurement made by separate Retarding Potential Analyser (RPA) for electrons and ions, aboard Indian satellite SROSS C2. The plasma density has been found to be rich in O+ ion for all instances of time and showed a direct increase with solar activity. H+ has been observed to be in plenty during night time, especially from moderate to high solar activity period. The difference between H+ and O+ densities widens with increasing value of F10.7. He+ always constitutes a small part of plasma but its density exceeds H+ - during moderate to high solar activity period. O2+ has beenfound to be a minor constituent, even 3-4 folds lesser than He+ density. A positive correlation with solar activity has been found for O2+

Virulence of Oomycete Pathogens from \u3cem\u3ePhragmites australis\u3c/em\u3e-Invaded and Noninvaded Soils to Seedlings of Wetland Plant Species

Soil pathogens affect plant community structure and function through negative plant-soil feedbacks that may contribute to the invasiveness of non-native plant species. Our understanding of these pathogen-induced soil feedbacks has relied largely on observations of the collective impact of the soil biota on plant populations, with few observations of accompanying changes in populations of specific soil pathogens and their impacts on invasive and noninvasive species. As a result, the roles of specific soil pathogens in plant invasions remain unknown. In this study, we examine the diversity and virulence of soil oomycete pathogens in freshwater wetland soils invaded by non-native Phragmites australis (European common reed) to better understand the potential for soil pathogen communities to impact a range of native and non-native species and influence invasiveness. We isolated oomycetes from four sites over a 2-year period, collecting nearly 500 isolates belonging to 36 different species. These sites were dominated by species of Pythium, many of which decreased seedling survival of a range of native and invasive plants. Despite any clear host specialization, many of the Pythium species were differentially virulent to the native and non-native plant species tested. Isolates from invaded and noninvaded soils were equally virulent to given individual plant species, and no apparent differences in susceptibility were observed between the collective groups of native and non-native plant species