Friede, Freude, Gastarbeiter:die Haltungen der Parteien gegenüber Ausländern in den Jahren 1955–1969

Die Jahre 1955–1969 können als ruhige Zeit in der Ausländerpolitik bezeichnet werden. Das Thema war damals weder vorrangig noch kontrovers, obwohl gerade in dieser Zeit die wichtigsten Entscheidungen getroffen wurden, die den Zuzug von Ausländern nach Deutschland bestimmten. Der Aufsatz widmet sich dementsprechend zunächst den rechtlichen Grundlagen für den Zuzug von ausländischen Arbeitnehmern (zwischenstaatliche Vereinbarungen über Anwerbung und Vermittlung von ausländischen Arbeitskräften und EWG-Freizügigkeit der Arbeitnehmer). Vor diesem Hintergrund werden die ersten Reaktionen der Parteien (CDU/CSU, SPD, FDP) auf die Anwerbung, Beschäftigung und Anwesenheit der ausländischen Arbeitnehmer und die draus resultierenden Haltungen gegenüber dieser neuen Politik beschrieben. Dabei stehen die Themen der Ausländerdebatte der 50er und 60er Jahre und die Tendenzen im ausländerpolitischen Diskurs im Vordergrund

The underground city: the tourism potential of water and sewage infrastructure: the example of Poland

Industrial tourism and technical facilities are a fast-growing branch of tourism that contains areas of great growth potential. The article deals with one of them. The tourist potential of water and sewage infrastructure in selected Polish cities was analysed and assessed. The study covered 11 cities of diverse socio-economic potentials around the country. For each city, data were collected that had various levels of detail with regard to visitor numbers, tourist types, facilities made available, events and other special celebrations. For supplementary data, unstructured interviews were also conducted with relevant employees identified in businesses. The analysis showed the studied form of tourism to have very high tourism potential. The work focuses on factors and features accounting for its currently low level of development. It is also emphasised that, based on current tourism trends, it should be expected to continue to grow rapidly in the coming years, and thus warrants further research

Gatekeeping Process of LGBT News in Republika Online

Mass media nowadays fight for the values, interest, and ideology through their reporting. In that case, all of the fact that is found by the journalist will pass the selection process in some steps to form a news that is worth to be published. For sure, it also happens in the process of LGBT news production in Republika Online. It makes the news tend to be unbalance and show the discriminatory to the group of LGBT. This research uses the theory of gatekeeping with descriptive qualitative method and critical paradigm. The data of this research was taken by interviewing some editorial crew involving in news production of LGBT, such as reporter, assistant of managing editor, and deputy of managing editor. The result of this research shows that in the individual level, both reporter and editor have their own values of interpreting LGBT phenomenon. As a gatekeeper, they use their own values to construct the reality. Some argue that the behaviour of LGBT is a kind of rights, but the others argue that their behaviour is not appropriate with the value that is constructed in the society. However, that diversity of ideas change into the same one because of the media routines. For sure, the media routines have some norms and regulation of reporting and directing the news angle to make a public opinion. And so, it limits the diversity of ideas owned by each reporter. Republika Online argue that LGBT is a deviant behaviour as it contradict with the value bringing by the society. Because of that, this media need to fight for the value that used to exist in society. Further, the editors as a gatekeeper in this level have an authority to edit the news written by reporter. So, it is very possible if the personal values bringing by reporter on their article are reduced. The attitude of Republika Online which is tend to be impartial to the group of LGBT is close to the vision and mision of this organization. It is a kind of guidance for the media worker in production news, especially LGBT news. Based on that guidance, Republika also try to fight for the interest of communities by voicing the Moslem's values. Beside that, Republika Online also try to seek for legitimation of their attitude in reporting LGBT by selecting the source of information. It means, Republika Online try to give a space for them who defend for the rights and freedom of LGBT (cover both sides). But, the dominant part in the reporting focus on the sources of information that contradict with LGBT groups. The ratio space of people who contradict and defend is 70 : 30. It makes the news become bias of cover both sides. The last level of gatekeeping process is social system level. In this level, the dominant culture is assumsed that it refusing the behaviour of LGBT. That point of view seems to strength the Republika Online's attitude to give a bad justification to LGBT. So, the dominant level of gatekeeping process of LGBT news in Republika Online is organization level

Alkaline Fuel Cells with Novel Gortex-Based Electrodes are Powered Remarkably Efficiently by Methane Containing 5% Hydrogen

Numerous electric and gas utilities are actively pursuing power-to-gas technology, which involves using unwanted, excess renewable energy to manufacture hydrogen gas (H 2 ) that is then injected into the existing natural gas pipeline network in 5-10% by volume. This work reports an alkaline fuel cell that has the potential to harness such gas mixtures for downstream generation of electric power. The fuel cell, which employs novel Gortex-based electrodes layered with Pd/Pt catalysts, generates electricity remarkably efficiently when fuelled with methane (CH 4 ) containing 5% hydrogen. Methane constitutes the major component of natural gas. The fuel cell has been studied over a range of hydrogen to methane ratios using Tafel plots and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. These show that, in terms of fundamental operation, there is, astonishingly, almost no difference between using pure hydrogen and 5% hydrogen in methane, as the fuel. The Gortex electrodes and alkaline electrolyte are clearly able to utilize the dilute hydrogen as a fuel with remarkable efficiency. The methane acts as an inert carrier gas and is not consumed

An electrochemical cell with Gortex-based electrodes capable of extracting pure hydrogen from highly dilute hydrogen-methane mixtures

In this work we report a novel liquid-acid electrochemical cell containing Gortex-based gas diffusion electrodes, layered with suitable catalysts and current collectors, that is capable of sustainably extractin g pure hydrogen from methane mixtures containing as little as 5% hydrogen. The origin of its efficiency appears to derive from the solid-liquid interface between the solid Gortex electrodes and the liquid electrolyte, as well as the high proton conductivity of the electrolyte. This interface and electrolyte exhibit an efficiency for reaction that greatly exceeds that achieved by the comparable solid-solid interface and proton conductor in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) technology. We report hydrogen yields and recovery by the cell from a range of methane-hydrogen mixtures. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been used to characterise the cell and to illuminate the system limitations

Estrogen induces estrogen receptor alpha-dependent cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation via mitogen activated protein kinase pathway in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in vivo

In addition to classical genomic mechanisms, estrogen also exerts nonclassical effects via a signal transduction system on neurons. To study whether estrogen has a nonclassical effect on basal forebrain cholinergic system, we measured the intensity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation (pCREB) in cholinergic neurons after administration of 17 beta-estradiol to ovariectomized (OVX) mice. A significant time-dependent increase in the number of pCREB-positive cholinergic cells was detected after estrogen administration in the medial septum-diagonal band (MS-DB) and the substantia innominata ( SI). The increase was first observed 15 min after estrogen administration. The role of classical estrogen receptors (ERs) was evaluated using ER knock-out mice in vivo. The estrogen-induced CREB phosphorylation in cholinergic neurons was present in ER beta knock-out mice but completely absent in ER beta knock-out mice in MS-DB and SI. A series of in vitro studies demonstrated that estrogen acted directly on cholinergic neurons. Selective blockade of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in vivo completely prevented estrogen-induced CREB phosphorylation in cholinergic neurons in MS-DB and SI. In contrast, blockade of protein kinase A (PKA) was effective only in SI. Finally, studies in intact female mice revealed levels of CREB phosphorylation within cholinergic neurons that were similar to those of estrogen-treated OVX mice. These observations demonstrate an ER alpha-mediated nonclassical effect of estrogen on the cholinergic neurons and that these actions are present under physiological conditions. They also reveal the role of MAPK and PKA-MAPK pathway activation in nonclassical estrogen signaling in the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in vivo