Middle Neolithic farming of open-air sites in SE France: new insights from archaeobotanical investigations of three wells found at Les Bagnoles (L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue, Dépt. Vaucluse, France)

Previous reviews of Middle Neolithic agricultural practice (4400–3500 cal bc) in southern France have highlighted a change in crop assemblages after 4000 cal bc, with a reduction of naked wheat and an increase of emmer and partly of einkorn. The recent investigation of three wells from the site of Les Bagnoles (4250–3800 cal bc) in the periphery of the southern Rhône valley yielded an unprecedented amount of waterlogged uncharred and charred plant macro remains that offer new insights into crop diversity and its changes over time. The results from the wells at Les Bagnoles were compared with other dated sunken features from open-air sites (in contrast to caves and rock shelters), with the aim of identifying patterns sug-gesting changes in the crop spectra between the early (MN1) and late (MN2) Middle Neolithic phases from taphonomically comparable contexts. The results from Les Bagnoles demonstrate that oil crops and pulses are underrepresented in dry sites and that they were a significant part of Middle Neolithic agriculture. They also indicate an increase in the representation of einkorn (instead of emmer) during MN2 that is also visible in other open-air sites. The comparison of the archaeobotani-cal results with silo storage capacity values as a proxy for average production capacity per household leads us to propose a possible drop in naked wheat productivity and opens new questions in factors affecting crop choice at the beginning of the 4th millennium cal bc

Accounting for success and failure: a discursive psychological approach to sport talk

YesIn recent years, constructionist methodologies such as discursive psychology (Edwards & Potter, 1992) have begun to be used in sport research. This paper provides a practical guide to applying a discursive psychological approach to sport data. It discusses the assumptions and principles of discursive psychology and outlines the stages of a discursive study from choice of data through to transcription and analysis. Finally, the paper demonstrates a discursive psychological analysis on sport data where athletes are accounting for success and failure in competition. The analysis demonstrates that for both success and failure, there is an apparent dilution of personal agency, to either maintain their modesty in the case of success or to manage blame when talking about failure. It is concluded that discursive psychology has much to offer sport research as it provides a methodology for in-depth studies of supporting interactions

Développement et validation de l'échelle de résistance à la pression sociale en sport (ERPSS)

International audienceINTRODUCTIONPlusieurs études conduites par Bandura et ses collaborateurs (e.g., Bandura et al., 2001, 2003 ; Caprara et al., 1998, 2002 ) montrent que les expectations d’efficacité personnelle jouent un rôle déterminant dans les stratégies d’auto-régulation de l’individu. L’autorégulation concerne la capacité que possède un individu à contrôler lui-même son comportement ou à réaliser une activité (Bandura, 1991), et notamment à se préserver des pressions sociales négatives. Les expectations relatives à la résistance aux pressions sociales négatives (resistive self-regulatory efficacy) apparaissent négativement reliées aux conduites de transgression,à la fois directement, et par le biais du désengagement moral (Bandura et al.,2001). Autrement dit, plus les individus ont des expectations élevées quant à leurs capacités à se préserver des pressions sociales négatives, et moins les jeunes ont tendance à s’engager dans des conduites à risque (i.e., délinquance, consommation de substances illicites). Dans le domaine sportif où la pression sociale fait partie intégrante du contexte compétitif, il n’existe pas actuellement de questionnaire valide mesurant les capacités des individus à résister à la pression sociale. Or, un tel outil permettrait de mieux étudier les mécanismes d’auto-régulation gouvernant certaines conduites de transgression en contexte sportif. Cette étude avait donc pour objet de développer et valider une version française de cet outil adaptée au contexte sportif : l’Echelle de Résistance à la Pression Sociale en Sport (ERPSS).MÉTHODEPARTICIPANTS. Un total de 1870 étudiants en STAPS, volontaires, âgés de 18 à 25 ans (M = 20.50 ; SD = 2.33), et pratiquant de manière régulière une activité physique et sportive en compétition, ont pris part à une série d’études.PROCÉDURE. La validation a été réalisée conformément aux six étapes de la procédure de Vallerand (1989) que nous avons décliné en quatre temps : (a) élaborer une version préliminaire et évaluer la clarté des items, (b) confirmer la structure factorielle de l’instrument et évaluer sa validité de construit, (c) évaluer la fiabilité temporelle de l’instrument, et (d) vérifier la validité théorique de l’échelle.RÉSULTATSLa version préliminaire de 12 items a été construite à partir de la version originale en anglais (e.g., Bandura et al., 1996) par un comité d’experts en psychologie sociale et en psychologie du sport. Après avoir vérifié la validité concomitante, et la clarté des items, nous avons réalisé une analyse factorielle exploratoire révélant un seul facteur comprenant 8 items, après élimination de quatre items (Guttman, 1954). Ensuite, des analyses factorielles confirmatoires (AFC) ont été réalisées à l’aide du logiciel AMOS 7.0, selon la méthode d’estimation Robust Maximum Likelihood à partir d’une matrice de corrélations. Dans une première analyse portant sur 270 étudiants, les résultats ont suggéré d’éliminer deux items (Guttman, 1954). Le modèle à six items ainsi obtenu a ensuite été soumis à une AFC auprès de 529 autres participants. Ce modèle à un facteur a présenté des indices d’ajustement aux données satisfaisants (i.e.,χ2(6, N = 529) = 21.007; p = .002; CFI = .99 ; TLI = .98 ;RMSEA = .06). La consistance interne de l’échelle était satisfaisante (Ú =.89). La série d’analyse de modélisation d’équations structurales évaluant l’invariance selon le genre de l’échantillon (Gregorich, 2006) a permis de mettre en évidence une invariance partielle de la structure factorielle de l'ERPSS selon le genre. La stabilité temporelle de la structure du questionnaire a été vérifiée à l'aide d'un test t de Student pour échantillons appariés. Le test t était non significatif pour l’ensemble, ce qui témoigne de l'absence de différence significative entre les structures obtenues à chacune des deux occasions de mesure. Enfin, la validité externe de l’ERPSS a été éprouvée en la reliant au désengagement moral et aux capacités d’auto-régulation affective avec des corrélations significatives en conformité avec la littérature existante (Bandura et al., 2001, 2003).DISCUSSIONCette série d’études a permis de développer un questionnaire composée de six items (e.g., « Te sens-tu capable de résister à la pression des autres qui t’incitent à tricher dans ton sport ? » ; « Te sens-tu capable de résister à la pression des autres qui te poussent à faire des choses qui peuvent t’attirer des ennuis dans ton sport ? ») avec un échelle de type Likert en sept points allant de (1) « Pas du tout capable », à (7) « Tout à fait capable». Les analyses ont permis de vérifier la structure factorielle du modèle en un facteur.La validation de cet outil présente l’intérêt de rendre l’instrument spécifique au sport, et d’envisager son utilisation aussi bien chez les garçons et que chez les filles. Par ailleurs, cette échelle devrait permettre de mieux appréhender les mécanismes d’auto-régulation des conduites de transgression dans le contexte sportif (Bandura, 1991 ; Bandura et al., 2001, 2003), les capacités de l’individu à autoréguler ses conduites étant supposées lui permettre de changer et d’améliorer son comportement moral. Pour conclure, l’ERPSS semble présenter des propriétés psychométriques satisfaisantes et constitue un instrument fiable et valide, permettant le développement de futures recherches relatives aux capacités de résistance à la pression sociale des sportifs adultes francophones

The Jan Mayen microplate complex and the Wilson cycle

The opening of the North Atlantic region was one of the most important geodynamic events that shaped the present day passive margins of Europe, Greenland and North America. Although well-studied, much remains to be understood about the evolution of the North Atlantic, including the role of the Jan Mayen microplate complex. Geophysical data provide an image of the crustal structure of this microplate and enable a detailed reconstruction of the rifting and spreading history. However, the mechanisms that cause the separation of microplates between conjugate margins are still poorly understood. We assemble recent models of rifting and passive margin formation in the North Atlantic and discuss possible scenarios that may have led to the formation of the Jan Mayen microplate complex. This event was probably triggered by regional plate tectonic reorganizations rejuvenating inherited structures. The axis of rifting and continental break-up and the width of the Jan Mayen microplate complex were controlled by old Caledonian fossil subduction/suture zones. Its length is related to east–west-oriented deformation and fracture zones, possibly linked to rheological heterogeneities inherited from the pre-existing Precambrian terrane boundaries

Crustal structure of the southern margin of the African continent: Results from geophysical experiments

A number of geophysical onshore and offshore experiments were carried out along a profile across the southern margin of the African Plate in the framework of the Inkaba yeAfrica project. Refraction seismic experiments show that Moho depth decreases rapidly from over 40 km inland to around 30 km at the present coast before gently thinning out toward the Agulhas-Falkland Fracture Zone, which marks the transition zone between the continental and oceanic crust. In the region of the abruptly decreasing Moho depth, in the vicinity of the boundary between the Namaqua-Natal Mobile Belt and the Cape Fold Belt, lower crustal P-wave velocities up to 7.4 km/s are observed. This is interpreted as metabasic lithologies of Precambrian age in the Namaqua-Natal Mobile Belt, or mafic intrusions added to the base of the crust by younger magmatism. The velocity model for the upper crust has excellent resolution and is consistent with the known geological record. A joint interpretation of the velocity model with an electrical conductivity model, obtained from magnetotelluric studies, makes it possible to correlate a high-velocity anomaly north of the center of the Beattie magnetic anomaly with a highly resistive bod

Acute supra-therapeutic oral terbutaline administration has no ergogenic effect in non-asthmatic athletes.

This study aimed to investigate the effects on a possible improvement in aerobic and anaerobic performance of oral terbutaline (TER) at a supra-therapeutic dose in 7 healthy competitive male athletes. On day 1, ventilatory threshold, maximum oxygen uptake [Formula: see text] and corresponding power output were measured and used to determine the exercise load on days 2 and 3. On days 2 and 3, 8 mg of TER or placebo were orally administered in a double-blind process to athletes who rested for 3 h, and then performed a battery of tests including a force-velocity exercise test, running sprint and a maximal endurance cycling test at Δ50 % (50 % between VT and [Formula: see text]). Lactatemia, anaerobic parameters and endurance performance ([Formula: see text] and time until exhaustion) were raised during the corresponding tests. We found that TER administration did not improve any of the parameters of aerobic performance (p > 0.05). In addition, no change in [Formula: see text] kinetic parameters was found with TER compared to placebo (p > 0.05). Moreover, no enhancement of the force-velocity relationship was observed during sprint exercises after TER intake (p > 0.05) and, on the contrary, maximal strength decreased significantly after TER intake (p < 0.05) but maximal power remained unchanged (p > 0.05). In conclusion, oral acute administration of TER at a supra-therapeutic dose seems to be without any relevant ergogenic effect on anaerobic and aerobic performances in healthy athletes. However, all participants experienced adverse side effects such as tremors

Geometries of doleritic intrusions in central Spitsbergen, Svalbard: An integrated study of an onshore-offshore magmatic province with implications for CO2 sequestration

Igneous intrusions emplaced during the Early Cretaceous are well exposed in central Spitsbergen within the Permian-Jurassic sedimentary succession. The doleritic intrusions are collectively classified as the Diabasodden Suite, and form part of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province. Though relatively easily accessible and very well exposed in places, the Diabasodden Suite dolerites remain underexplored and their prevalent geometry is particularly poorly understood. In this contribution we address this deficiency by mapping the distribution of the igneous complexes in both onshore and offshore areas of central Spitsbergen, using an integrated dataset incorporating 2D seismic data with magnetic profiles, high-resolution multibeam bathymetric data, digital elevation models, aerial photos, geological maps, a lidar model and fieldwork. The intrusions occur primarily as sills, typically less than 50 m thick but extending over 10 km laterally. Subordinate dykes, transgressive sill segments and saucer-shaped intrusions are also present. Increased structural complexity is evident in the higher parts of the stratigraphy, with sill/dyke interactions relatively common. Some exposed positive relief features on the seafloor are interpreted as resistant dolerite intrusions, based on bathymetric data, 2D seismic lines and magnetic profiles. An increased presence of pockmarks along the rims of these intrusions cropping out at the seafloor suggests a causal relationship between focused fluid flow and igneous intrusions. As well as describing the overall geometry of the igneous complex, we investigate the implications of igneous intrusions for fluid flow within a siliciclastic aquifer, highlighted by a study addressing potential subsurface CO2 storage in central Spitsbergen. Fracture corridors along dykes suggest that fluid flow may be channelled along dykes across the stratigraphy, perhaps leaking into the lower part of the caprock. Furthermore, both enhanced flow along dykes and hampering of flow across dykes may affect the areal distribution of the CO2 plume following injection of CO2 into the affected aquifer

Development of a sustainable catalytic ester amidation process

We describe the development of a sustainable ester amidation process. Base and solvent screening, combined with the application of Design of Experiments methodology was employed to identify an optimized set of reaction conditions using a sustainable protocol. Utilizing these optimized conditions, treatment of a range of ester derivatives with amino alcohols in the presence of a catalytic quantity of potassium phosphate deploying iso-propanol as solvent results in the highly efficient generation of a range of amido-alcohol derivatives in good to excellent yield, accompanied with excellent reaction mass efficiency (RME)

613 cases of splenic rupture without risk factors or previously diagnosed disease: a systematic review

Background Rupture of the spleen in the absence of trauma or previously diagnosed disease is largely ignored in the emergency literature and is often not documented as such in journals from other fields. We have conducted a systematic review of the literature to highlight the surprisingly frequent occurrence of this phenomenon and to document the diversity of diseases that can present in this fashion. Methods Systematic review of English and French language publications catalogued in Pubmed, Embase and CINAHL between 1950 and 2011. Results We found 613 cases of splenic rupture meeting the criteria above, 327 of which occurred as the presenting complaint of an underlying disease and 112 of which occurred following a medical procedure. Rupture appeared to occur spontaneously in histologically normal (but not necessarily normal size) spleens in 35 cases and after minor trauma in 23 cases. Medications were implicated in 47 cases, a splenic or adjacent anatomical abnormality in 31 cases and pregnancy or its complications in 38 cases. The most common associated diseases were infectious (n = 143), haematologic (n = 84) and non-haematologic neoplasms (n = 48). Amyloidosis (n = 24), internal trauma such as cough or vomiting (n = 17) and rheumatologic diseases (n = 10) are less frequently reported. Colonoscopy (n = 87) was the procedure reported most frequently as a cause of rupture. The anatomic abnormalities associated with rupture include splenic cysts (n = 6), infarction (n = 6) and hamartomata (n = 5). Medications associated with rupture include anticoagulants (n = 21), thrombolytics (n = 13) and recombinant G-CSF (n = 10). Other causes or associations reported very infrequently include other endoscopy, pulmonary, cardiac or abdominal surgery, hysterectomy, peliosis, empyema, remote pancreato-renal transplant, thrombosed splenic vein, hemangiomata, pancreatic pseudocysts, splenic artery aneurysm, cholesterol embolism, splenic granuloma, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, rib exostosis, pancreatitis, Gaucher's disease, Wilson's disease, pheochromocytoma, afibrinogenemia and ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Conclusions Emergency physicians should be attuned to the fact that rupture of the spleen can occur in the absence of major trauma or previously diagnosed splenic disease. The occurrence of such a rupture is likely to be the manifesting complaint of an underlying disease. Furthermore, colonoscopy should be more widely documented as a cause of splenic rupture