Kepastian Hukum Hak Komunal Ditinjau dari Pasal 16 Ayat (1) H Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960

Kesatuan Masyarakat Hukum Adat  ataupun masyarakat yang berada dalam Kawasan tertentu, dalam hal ini masyarakat yang berada dalam kawasan hutan dan perkebunan dapat mengajukan Hak Komunal dengan memenuhi persyaratan yang ditentukan dalam Peraturan Menteri Agraria/Tata Ruang dan Kepala BPN Nomor 10 Tahun 2016. Keberadaan Hak Komunal apabila ditinjau dari UUPA tidak termasuk sebagai salah satu jenis hak atas tanah , khususnya dalam Pasal 16 ayat 1 h UUPA, di mana jenis hak atas tanah dapat dikelompokkan menjadi tiga yaitu  Hak atas tanah yang bersifat tetap, Hak atas tanah yang ditetapkan oleh undang-undang yaitu hak atas tanah yang akan hadir kemudian yang akan ditetapkan oleh undang-undang dan Hak atas tanah yang bersifat sementara sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 53 UUPA, karena  Hak Komunal sendiri ditetapkan berdasarkan  Peraturan Menteri Agraria/Tata Ruang dan Kepala BPN Nomor 9 Tahun 2015 yang kemudian dicabut dan dinyatakan tidak berlaku, serta kemudian ditetapkan berdasarkan  Peraturan Menteri Agraria/Tata Ruang dan Kepala BPN Nomor 10 Tahun 2016, yang hampir 80 persen isinya sama dengan Permen Nomor 9 Tahun 2015. Kondisi ini  dapat  menimbulkan keraguan akan diperolehnya  kepastian hukum atas kepemilikan Hak Komunal  itu sendiri. Jenis penelitian yang dipergunakan dalam  tesis  ini  dikualifikasikan  sebagai  penelitian  normatif dengan beberapa pendekatan yaitu Pendekatan Perundang-undangan, Pendekatan Konsep), Pendekatan Sejarah  dan  Pendekatan Perbandingan serta mempergunakan tiga bahan hukum yaitu bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder dan bahan hukum tersier. Teori-terori yang dipergunakan dalam melakukan analisis adalah Teori Kepastian Hukum, Teori Negara Hukum, Teori Perjenjangan Norma, Teori Fungsional dan Teori Legitimasi dan Validitas serta Teori Kemanfaatan. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa pengaturan Hak Komunal yang ditetapkan dengan Peraturan Menteri Menteri Agraria/Tata Ruang dan Kepala BPN Nomor 10 Tahun 2016 belum memberikan jaminan kepastian atas Hak Komunal itu sendiri baik dilihat dari dasar penetapannnya maupun dilihat dari beberapa isi pasal-pasalnya.Untuk itu baik Legislatif maupun Pemerintah Pusat perlu menetapkan Hak Komunal itu dalam bentuk undang-undang, sehingga sesuai dengan UUPA sebagai Hukum Pertanahan yang berlaku di Indonesia sehingga dapat memberikan jaminan kepastian hukum bagi pemegang Hak Komunal

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for infantile chronic renal failure (A case report)

Pungky AK, Damanik MP, lijima K - Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for infantile chronic renal failure (A case report). A two month old male infant with lethargy, vomiting, and loss of body weight was referred to Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan. He had increased levels of BUN and serum creatinine, and severe metabolic acidosis. Ultrasonography exhibited hypoplasia kidney. Treatment with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), recombinant human erythropoietin, and recombinant human growth hormone was started immediately on the admission day. All of his symptoms were disappeared and he grew up well. He was discharged 3 months after admission and he had been treated with the above therapy in Out Patient Clinic. CAPD on CRF patient is the most essential management. CAPD system should be introduced to save infants and children with chronic renal failure in Indonesia. Key words : chronic renal failure - peritoneal dialysis â infant - hypoplasia kidney - recombinant growth hormon

Diskusi refleksi kasus meningkatkan kepatuhan perawat terhadap penerapan standar prosedur operasional pencegahan risiko jatuh

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan peningkatan kepatuhan perawat terhadap penerapan SPO pencegahan risiko jatuh setelah dilakukan kegiatan DRK. Metode penelitian ini adalah experimental dengan rancangan pretest–posttest with control group design dan melibatkan 32 perawat yang dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok, yaitu 16 perawat kelompok intervensi dan 16 perawat kelompok kontrol. Observasi kepatuhan perawat terhadap penerapan SPO pencegahan risiko jatuh dilakukan sebelum DRK dan 2 minggu setelah DRK. Data dianalisa menggunakan uji non parametrik Wicoxon. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada kelompok intervensi kepatuhan meningkat 100% dengan nilai Z:-3.355 dan p Value: 0.000 sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol peningkatan penerapan SPO adalah sebesar 43.75% dengan nilai Z: -0.40

Benchmarking Non-Hardware Balance of System (Soft) Costs for U.S. Photovoltaic Systems Using a Data-Driven Analysis from PV Installer Survey Results

This report presents results from the first U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored, bottom-up data-collection and analysis of non-hardware balance-of-system costs--often referred to as 'business process' or 'soft' costs--for residential and commercial photovoltaic (PV) systems

Daya Antibakteri Ekstrak dan Fraksi-Fraksi Daun Jambu Mete (Anacardium occidentale L.) terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus Sensitif dan Multiresisten

Daun jambu mete memiliki daya antibakteri terhadap bakteri Gram positif dan negatif yang sensitif dan multiresisten. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui daya antibakteri ekstrak dan fraksi-fraksi daun jabu mete dan menentukan komponen senyawa yang terkandung di dalamnya. Metode ekstraksi dilakukan dengan maserasi menggunakan etanol 96%. Fraksinasi ekstrak etanol daun jambu mete dilakukan dengan metode partisi. Ekstrak dan fraksi-fraksi diuji daya antibakterinya menggunakan metode dilusi padat untuk menentukan konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM). Hasil KHM dilanjutkan ke pengujian berikutnya untuk menentukan konsentrasi bunuh minimum (KBM). Analisis kandungan bahan aktif dilakukan dengan metode kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol, fraksi kloroform dan fraksi etil asetat memiliki daya bunuh terhadap Staphylococcus sensitif dan multiresisten, sedangkan fraksi metanol-air hingga konsentrasi 2% tidak menunjukkan daya bunuh terhadap S. aureus sensitif, dan hingga 3% terhadap S. aureus multiresiten. Hasil pengujian KLT menunjukkan bhawa ekstrak dan fraksi-fraksi daun jambu mete mengandung alkaloid, flavonoid, minyak atsiri dan fenol.Cashew leaves have antibacterial activity against Gram positive and negative bacteria that are sensitive and multiresisten. The aim of this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of extracts and fractions of cashew leaf and determine the content of its compounds. The extraction method was performed by maceration using 96% ethanol. Fractionation of ethanol extract of cashew leaves was done partitioning method. Extract and fractions were tested for antibacterial activity using solid dilution method to observed levels of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The results of the MIC continued to minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Analysis of the active constituent was carried by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The results showed that tehanol extract, chloroform fraction and ethyl acetate fraction has the power to kill the sensitive and multiresistant.Staphylococcus, whereas for methanol-water fraction up to 2% levels showed no killing power against sensitive S. aureus and levels of 3% against the multiresistant Staphylococcus. The result of TLC test showed that the extract and fractions of cashew leaf contains alkaloids, flavonoids, essential oils, and phenols

Antibacterial activity of biogenic silver and gold nanoparticles synthesized from Salvia africana-lutea and Sutherlandia frutescens

Nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized using various chemical and physical methods are often cytotoxic which restricts their use in biomedical applications. In contrast, metallic biogenic NPs synthesized using biological systems such as plant extracts are said to be safer and their production more cost effective. NPs synthesized from plants with known medicinal properties can potentially have similar bioactivities as these plants. It has been shown that Salvia africana-lutea (SAL) and Sutherlandia frutescens (SF) have antibacterial activities. This study used water extracts of SAL and SF to produce biogenic silver NPs (AgNPs) and gold NPs (AuNPs). The antibacterial activity of AgNPs and AuNPs was tested against two pathogens (Staphylococcus epidermidis and P. aeruginosa). NP synthesis was optimized by varying the synthesis conditions which include synthesis time and temperature, plant extract concentration, silver nitrate (AgNO3) concentration and sodium tetrachloroaurate (III) dihydrate (NaAuCl4 · 2H2O) concentration. The NPs were characterized using Ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. SAL was able to synthesize both Ag (SAL AgNP) and Au (SAL AuNP) nanoparticles, whilst SF synthesized Ag (SF AgNP) nanoparticles only. The absorbance spectra revealed the characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak between 400–500 nm and 500–600 nm for AgNP and AuNP, respectively. HR-TEM displayed the presence of spherical and polygon shaped nanoparticles with varying sizes whilst the Energy Dispersive x-ray spectra and selected area diffraction pattern confirmed the successful synthesis of the AgNPs and AuNPs by displaying the characteristic crystalline nature, optical adsorption peaks and lattice fringes. FT-IR spectroscopy was employed to identify the functional groups involved in the NP synthesis. The microtitre plate method was employed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the NPs and the extracts. The water extracts and SAL AuNP did not have significant antibacterial activity, while SAL AgNP and SF AgNP displayed high antibacterial activity. In conclusion, the data generated suggests that SAL and SF could be used for the efficient synthesis of antibacterial biogenic nanoparticles

The state of health in Indonesia's provinces, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Analysing trends and levels of the burden of disease at the national level can mask inequalities in health-related progress in lower administrative units such as provinces and districts. We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to analyse health patterns in Indonesia at the provincial level between 1990 and 2019. Long-term analyses of disease burden provide insights on Indonesia's advance to universal health coverage and its ability to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Methods We analysed GBD 2019 estimated cause-specific mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), life expectancy at birth, healthy life expectancy, and risk factors for 286 causes of death, 369 causes of non-fatal health loss, and 87 risk factors by year, age, and sex for Indonesia and its 34 provinces from 1990 to 2019. To generate estimates for Indonesia at the national level, we used 138 location-years of data to estimate Indonesia-specific demographic indicators, 317 location-years of data for Indonesia-specific causes of death, 689 location-years of data for Indonesia-specific non-fatal outcomes, 250 location-years of data for Indonesia-specific risk factors, and 1641 location-years of data for Indonesia-specific covariates. For subnational estimates, we used the following source counts: 138 location-years of data to estimate Indonesia-specific demographic indicators; 5848 location-years of data for Indonesia-specific causes of death; 1534 location-years of data for Indonesia-specific non-fatal outcomes; 650 location-years of data for Indonesia-specific risk factors; and 16 016 location-years of data for Indonesia-specific covariates. We generated our GBD 2019 estimates for Indonesia by including 1 915 207 total source metadata rows, and we used 821 total citations. Findings Life expectancy for males across Indonesia increased from 62·5 years (95% uncertainty interval 61·3–63·7) to 69·4 years (67·2–71·6) between 1990 and 2019, a positive change of 6·9 years. For females during the same period, life expectancy increased from 65·7 years (64·5–66·8) to 73·5 years (71·6–75·6), an increase of 7·8 years. There were large disparities in health outcomes among provinces. In 2019, Bali had the highest life expectancy at birth for males (74·4 years, 70·90–77·9) and North Kalimantan had the highest life expectancy at birth for females (77·7 years, 74·7–81·2), whereas Papua had the lowest life expectancy at birth for males (64·5 years, 60·9–68·2) and North Maluku had the lowest life expectancy at birth for females (64·0 years, 60·7–67·3). The difference in life expectancy for males between the highest-ranked and lowest-ranked provinces was 9·9 years and the difference in life expectacy for females between the highest-ranked and lowest-ranked provinces was 13·7 years. Age-standardised death, YLL, and YLD rates also varied widely among the provinces in 2019. High systolic blood pressure, tobacco, dietary risks, high fasting plasma glucose, and high BMI were the five leading risks contributing to health loss measured as DALYs in 2019. Interpretation Our findings highlight that Indonesia faces a double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases that varies across provinces. From 1990 to 2019, Indonesia witnessed a decline in the infectious disease burden, although communicable diseases such as tuberculosis, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections have remained a main source of DALYs in Indonesia. During that same period, however, all-ages death and disability rates from non-communicable diseases and exposure to their risk factors accounted for larger shares of health loss. The differences in health outcomes between the highest-performing and lowest-performing provinces have also widened since 1990. Our findings support a comprehensive process to revisit current health policies, examine the root causes of variation in the burden of disease among provinces, and strengthen programmes and policies aimed at reducing disparities across the country. Funding The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Government of Indonesia. Translation For the Bahasa Indonesia translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section