KAJIAN HUKUM TERHADAP PERJANJIAN MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE RI-KONFEDERASI SWISS DALAM PEMBERANTASAN KORUPSI DI TINJAU DARI UU NO. 1 TAHUN 2006 TENTANG PERJANJIAN TIMBAL BALIK DALAM MASALAH PIDANA

Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui bagaimana Kedudukan Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA) dalam pengembalian Aset Tindak Pidana Korupsi dan bagaimana perjanjian Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA) Republik Indonesia-Konfederasi Swiss dalam memberantas Korupsi di mana dengan metode penelitian hukum normatif disimpulkan: 1. Perkembangan teknologi informasi dan transportasi global diringi dengan perkembangan tindak pidana yang tidak lagi mengenal batas yurisdiksi, sehingga penanggulangannya membutuhkan penanganan bersama negara-negara dunia. Banyak pelaku kejahatan yang kemudian melarikan diri atau menyimpan hasil kejahatannya di luar negara asalnya dengan berbagai tujuan. Termasuk menghindari pajak maupun menyelamatkan aset dari hasil kejahatan. Bantuan timbal balik dalam masalah pidana merupakan salah satu cara menghentikan tindakan curang pelaku tindak pidana yang hendak menyembunyikan aset maupun mengindari pajak atas hasil tindak pidana yang dilakukan. 2. Bagi Indonesia, Konfederasi Swiss adalah negara yang memiliki potensi untuk dijadikan sebagai tempat bersembunyi maupun menyimpan aset hasil kejahatan tersebut, sehingga kerja sama Indonesia dan Konfederasi Swiss tentang bantuan timbal balik dalam masalah pidana merupakan bentuk keseriusan pemerintah Indonesia dan Konfederasi Swiss dalam upaya penanggulangan kejahatan transnasional. Pengesahan Perjanjian Bantuan Timbal Balik dalam Masalah Pidana antara Republik Indonesia dan Konfederasi Swiss harus segera dilakukan mengingat Indonesia telah menandatangani perjanjian Pada tanggal 4 Februari 2019. Perjanjian tersebut memberikan syarat bagi Indonesia maupun Konfederasi Swiss sebagai negara pihak untuk mengesahkan perjanjian dimaksud berdasarkan hukum nasional negara masing-masing. Indonesia melakukan pengesahan dengan Undang-Undang disebabkan materi muatan perjanjian tersebut berkenaan dengan masalah politik, keamanan, dan kedaulatan negara serta dilandasi dengan iktikad baik Republik Indonesia untuk menerapkan Perjanjian Bantuan Timbal Balik dalam Masalah Pidana antara Republik Indonesia dan Konfederasi Swiss.Kata kunci: korupsi

Pre-incubation of cell-free HIV-1 group M isolates with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors blocks subsequent viral replication in co-cultures of dendritic cells and T cells.

In order to study the inhibitory effect of various reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) on cell-free HIV, we adapted a recently described in vitro system, based on co-cultures of dendritic cells and resting CD4 T cells, modelling early target cells during sexual transmission. The compounds tested included the second-generation non-nucleoside RTI (NNRTI) TMC-120 (R147681, dapivirine) and TMC-125 (R165335, travertine), as well as the reference nucleoside RTI AZT (zidovudine), the nucleotide RTI PMPA (tenofovir) and the NNRTI UC-781. The virus strains included the reference strain HIV-1Ba-L and six primary isolates, representative of the HIV-1 group M pandemic. They all display the non-syncytium-inducing and CCR5 receptor-using (NSI/R5) phenotype, important in transmission. Cell-free virus was immobilized on a poly-L-lysine (PLL)-treated microwell plate and incubated with compound for 1 h. Afterwards, the compound was thoroughly washed away; target cells were added and cultured for 2 weeks, followed by an extended culture with highly susceptible mitogen-activated T cells. Viral production in the cultures was measured on supernatant with HIV antigen ELISA. Negative results were confirmed by showing absence of proviral DNA in the cells. TMC-120 and TMC-125 inhibited replication of HIV-1Ba-L with average EC50 values of 38 nM and 117 nM, respectively, whereas the EC50 of UC-781 was 517 nM. Complete suppression of virus and provirus was observed at compound concentrations of 100, 300 and 1000 nM, respectively. Inhibition of all primary isolates followed the same pattern as HIV-1Ba-L. In contrast, pre-treating the virus with the nucleotide RTI PMPA and AZT failed to inhibit infection even at a concentration of 100000 nM. These data clearly suggest that NNRTIs inactivate RT enzymatic activity of different viral clades (predominant in the epidemic) and might be proposed for further testing as a sterilizing microbicide worldwide

KINEMATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE 'MAWASHI-GHERI'

Introduction Although three-dimensional kinematic and dynamic movement analysis becomes a standard methodological technique in biomechanics, it is rarely used in service of teachers in the field. This study examines the possibilities to infer didactical useful information for teaching the 'Mawashi-Gheri', a complex roundhouse kicking movement in karate. Methods Three karate-teachers, selected for their excellence in the studied technique, performed the movement several times. Each time, three-dimensional kinematic (Vicon-system, 60 Hz, 10 markers) and dynamic data Kistler Forceplate, 600 Hz) were acquired. Data were saved on computer disc only if these experts agreed on the goodness of there performance. Afterwards, four children (aged 12 to 15 y.) imitated the movement. Two of them were appreciated to be advanced karate-pupils, the other two sojourned at the beginning level. Additionally, data regarding flexibility, equilibrium and kinantropometry were gathered in order to provide a referential base to interpret differences in execution among these subjects. Reactionforces were integrated using Simpson's Method to get the velocity and displacement of the center of gravity. Filmdata were interpolated (Free Cubic Spline), digital low-pass filtered and differentiated (Usui 1982) to obtain displacement, velocity and acceleration courses of seven segments (feet, shanks, thighs and trunk). Special attention was payed to the initial orientation and angular displacement of the shoulders, pelvis and suporting foot. Kinantropometric data were processed using a simplified Hanavan model (1964) to estimate individual segmental parameters (mass, masslocation and inertia). Finally, all data were reduced into 33 descriptive parameters Results and discussion Intra-individual differences among subsequent executions of the studied technique are very small in skilled subjects. However, interindividual differences are large, even among subjects of a same skill level. This could mean that exercise tends to stereotype movement patterns, even for a fast and complex movement of this kind, but these patterns are personal. The most important differences among skilled and beginning combatants are to be found in the timing and duration of the various actions in the movement. This results in very different shaped velocity and acceleration curves. As a matter of fact, the actual lash is only visible in the force registrations of good performers and occupies only 50 to 55 msec. Maximum velocities of beginners are about 60 % of those attained by experts. It is presumed that the incapacity of beginners to produce high velocities in this kicking movement can be attributed to a wrong sequence of rotational movements. Conclussion The 'Mawashi-Gheri' is a highly three-dimensional movement. Attempts to study this movement in a planar space risk to overlook the important torsion component which tends to be the discriminating factor between skilled and beginning karate-combatants

The effects of twisted magnetic field on coronal loops oscillations and dissipation

The standing MHD modes in a zero-$\beta$ cylindrical magnetic flux tube modelled as a straight core surrounded by a magnetically twisted annulus, both embedded in a straight ambient external field is considered. The dispersion relation for the fast MHD waves is derived and solved numerically to obtain the frequencies of both the kink ($m=1$), and fluting ($m=2,3$) waves. Damping rates due to both viscous and resistive dissipations in presence of the twisted magnetic field is derived and solved numerically for both the kink and fluting waves.Comment: 13 pages, 11 figure

Observation of multiple sausage oscillations in cool postflare loop

Using simultaneous high spatial (1.3 arc sec) and temporal (5 and 10 s) resolution H-alpha observations from the 15 cm Solar Tower Telescope at ARIES, we study the oscillations in the relative intensity to explore the possibility of sausage oscillations in the chromospheric cool postflare loop. We use standard wavelet tool, and find the oscillation period of ~ 587 s near the loop apex, and ~ 349 s near the footpoint. We suggest that the oscillations represent the fundamental and the first harmonics of fast sausage waves in the cool postflare loop. Based on the period ratio P1/P2 ~ 1.68, we estimate the density scale height in the loop as ~ 17 Mm. This value is much higher than the equilibrium scale height corresponding to H-alpha temperature, which probably indicates that the cool postflare loop is not in hydrostatic equilibrium. Seismologically estimated Alfv\'en speed outside the loop is ~ 300-330 km/s. The observation of multiple oscillations may play a crucial role in understanding the dynamics of lower solar atmosphere, complementing such oscillations already reported in the upper solar atmosphere (e.g., hot flaring loops).Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures, accepted in MNRA

Coal-biomass gasification in a pressurized fluidized bed gasifier

ABSTRACT In the framework of a multi-national European Joule project, experimental research and modeling concerning co-gasification of biomass and coal in a bubbling pressurized fluidized bed reactor is performed. The impact of fuel characteristics (biomass type, mixing ratio) and process conditions (pressure, temperature, gas residence time, air-fuel ratio and air-steam ratio) on the performance of the gasifier (carbon conversion, fuel gas composition, non-steady state behaviour) was studied experimentally and theoretically. Pelletized straw and miscanthus were used as biomass fuels. The process development unit has a maximum thermal capacity of 1.5 MW and was operated at pressures up to 10 bar and bed temperatures in the range of 650 °C -900 °C. The bed zone of the reactor is 2 m high with a diameter of 0.4 m and is followed by an adiabatic freeboard, approximately 4 m high with a diameter of 0.5 m. Time-averaged as well as time-dependent characteristics of the fuel gas were determined experimentally. The results will be compared with the gas turbine requirements provided by a gas turbine manufacturer, one of the parmers in the project. The evaluation of the results will ultimately be used to implement and test an adequate control strategy for the pressurized fluidized bed gasifier integrated with a gas turbine combustion chamber

The effect of the environment on the P1/P2 period ratio for kink oscillations of coronal loops

The P1/P2 period ratio of transversal loop oscillations is currently used for the diagnostics of longitudinal structuring of coronal loops as its deviation from 2 is intrinsically connected to the density scale-height along coronal loops and/or the sub-resolution structure of the magnetic field. The same technique can be applied not only to coronal structures, but also to other oscillating magnetic structures. The oscillations in magnetic structures are described by differential equations whose coefficients depend on the longitudinal structure of the plasma. Using a variational principle written for the transversal component of the velocity vector, developed earlier by McEwan et al. (2008), we investigate how the different temperature of the environment compared to the temperature of the magnetic structure will influence the P1/P2 ratio for typical coronal and prominence conditions. The possible changes are translated into quantities that are used in the process of remote plasma diagnostics in the solar atmosphere

Instrumental oscillations in RHESSI count rates during solar flares

Aims: We seek to illustrate the analysis problems posed by RHESSI spacecraft motion by studying persistent instrumental oscillations found in the lightcurves measured by RHESSI's X-ray detectors in the 6-12 keV and 12-25 keV energy range during the decay phase of the flares of 2004 November 4 and 6. Methods: The various motions of the RHESSI spacecraft which may contribute to the manifestation of oscillations are studied. The response of each detector in turn is also investigated. Results: We find that on 2004 November 6 the observed oscillations correspond to the nutation period of the RHESSI instrument. These oscillations are also of greatest amplitude for detector 5, while in the lightcurves of many other detectors the oscillations are small or undetectable. We also find that the variation in detector pointing is much larger during this flare than the counterexample of 2004 November 4. Conclusions: Sufficiently large nutation motions of the RHESSI spacecraft lead to clearly observable oscillations in count rates, posing a significant hazard for data analysis. This issue is particularly problematic for detector 5 due to its design characteristics. Dynamic correction of the RHESSI counts, accounting for the livetime, data gaps, and the transmission of the bi-grid collimator of each detector, is required to overcome this issue. These corrections should be applied to all future oscillation studies.Comment: 8 pages, 10 figure