ANAEROBIC POWER AND DEVELOPMENT OF FATIGUE IN FREESTYLE SPRINT SWIMMING

INTRODUCTION -In literature there are conflicting views on the relationship between anaerobic swimming and dry-land power (CostiI1/1983; Höltke! 1992; Johnson!1993; Tanaka/1993). In 100 m -freestyle swimming the highest speed are reached at the beginning. The values vary between 95 and 100 % of individual maximum in the first and between 85 and 90 % in the last quarter. Differences in the final time are results of lower speed at beginning and! or of higher decrease in swim velocity during the race (Küehler!1993). This decrease of velocity is an expression of muscle fatigue. The results of competition analyses of top athletes correspond to results of dry-land power tests on' the biokinetic swim bench. METHODS -Members of the German national swim team were tested on the biokinetic swim bench. 22 athletes performed a test lasting one minute on level 5. The work per repetition was represented in percent of the personal maximum. Additionally for some athletes the 5 m -and 100 m freestyle sprint speed were analysed. The swimming speed in 100 m -sprint was expressed in percent from the maximum in 50 m -sprint. RESULTS -Summary shows table 1. Athletes a, c and E show similar intensities in swim race and dry-land test. Athlete 9 performed only low intensities at the beginning in both tests. This is not typical for sprinters. Decrease in intensity in dry-land power test characterises the level of anaerobic glycol tie metabolism. In this respect individual differences between top athletes were found. We observed variations in intensity at tests on the biokinetic swim bench during the year too. This is an expression of variations of metabolic muscle properties. Dryland testing on a swim bench can help the athlete to know more about metabolic properties of his "swim" muscles in the whole season. For a comparison of swimming and dry-land power it is necessary to use relative values in form of intensity of the maximum. REFERENCES -Costill, D. L, Douglas, S. K., Holdren, A. & Hargreaves, M. (1983). Sprint speed vs. swimming power. Swimming Technique, Val 20, 20-22. Höltke. V. (1992). Zur Effektivität von dynamischem Maximalkraft• und dynamischem Kraftausdauertraining bei Leistungsschwimmem der nationalen Spitzenklasse: ein Trainings experiment im Hochleistungssport. Erlen ee: SFT-Ver1ag. Johnson, R. E., Sharp, R. L. & Hedrick, C. E. (1993). Relatlonship of swimming power and dryland power to sprint freestyle performance: a multiple regression approach. J. Swimming Research, Val 0, 10-14 KOchler, J., L opold, H. & Leopold, W. (1993) Vergleichende Betrachtungen der Gestallun der Wettkämpfe der 50 m-und 100 mSchwimmdisziplinen der Besten der Olympischen Spiele 1992 und deutscher Spitzenschwimmer. IAT Leipzig. 28 S. Tanaka, H., Costill, D. L., Thomas, R., Fink, W. J. & Widrick, J J. (1993). Dry-land re• sistance training for competitive swimming. Med. Sei. Exer ., Vol. 25. No. 8, 952-959

Towards An H−H^{-} RF Source for Future CERN Accelerator Projectss

An increase of beam intensity and brightness is essential for future upgrades of existing CERN proton accelerator facilities. A first step can be an injection of H- ions from a new higher energy H- linear accelerator called Linac4 into the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB. A second step could be the complete replacement of the PSB by a highpower linear accelerator, called SPL, injecting directly into the Proton Synchrotron (PS. Both injection scenarios require a high performance, high reliability negative hydrogen ion source. This paper will present the challenging source requirements and the two approaches to fulfil them

Ion-stimulated gas desorption yields and their dependence on the surface preparation of stainless steel

Ion-induced gas desorption yields were investigated for 4.2 MeV/u lead ions incident on 316 LN stainless steel surfaces. Focussed on a possible application for the Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) vacuum system, the influence of surface treatments like chemical etching, electropolishing and gold-coating on the desorption yields was studied with accelerator-type vacuum chambers. The surface composition of similar prepared samples was investigated with X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS). Desorption yields for H2, CH4, CO, Ar and CO2, which are of fundamental interest for LEIR and future accelerator applications, are reported as a function of impact angle, ion dose and charge state (+27, +53) of the lead ion beam

The All-Rounder Sodalis: A New Bacteriome-Associated Endosymbiont of the Lygaeoid Bug Henestaris halophilus (Heteroptera: Henestarinae) and a Critical Examination of Its Evolution

Hemipteran insects are well-known in their ability to establish symbiotic relationships with bacteria. Among them, heteropteran insects present an array of symbiotic systems, ranging from the most common gut crypt symbiosis to the more restricted bacteriome-associated endosymbiosis, which have only been detected in members of the superfamily Lygaeoidea and the family Cimicidae so far. Genomic data of heteropteran endosymbionts are scarce and have merely been analyzed from the Wolbachia endosymbiont in bed bug and a few gut crypt-associated symbionts in pentatomoid bugs. In this study, we present the first detailed genomic analysis of a bacteriome-associated endosymbiont of a phytophagous heteropteran, present in the seed bug Henestaris halophilus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea). Using phylogenomics and genomics approaches, we have assigned the newly characterized endosymbiont to the Sodalis genus, named as Candidatus Sodalis baculum sp. nov. strain kilmister. In addition, our findings support the reunification of the Sodalis genus, currently divided into six different genera. We have also conducted comparative analyses between 15 Sodalis species that present different genome sizes and symbiotic relationships. These analyses suggest that Ca. Sodalis baculum is a mutualistic endosymbiont capable of supplying the amino acids tyrosine, lysine, and some cofactors to its host. It has a small genome with pseudogenes but no mobile elements, which indicates middle-stage reductive evolution. Most of the genes in Ca. Sodalis baculum are likely to be evolving under purifying selection with several signals pointing to the retention of the lysine/tyrosine biosynthetic pathways compared with other Sodalis.D.S.-G. is recipient of a PostDoctoral Fellowship from The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. This publication was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the University of Bayreuth in the funding progamme Open Access Publishing.Peer reviewe

Quantum Criticality in doped CePd_1-xRh_x Ferromagnet

CePd_1-xRh_x alloys exhibit a continuous evolution from ferromagnetism (T_C= 6.5 K) at x = 0 to a mixed valence (MV) state at x = 1. We have performed a detailed investigation on the suppression of the ferromagnetic (F) phase in this alloy using dc-(\chi_dc) and ac-susceptibility (\chi_ac), specific heat (C_m), resistivity (\rho) and thermal expansion (\beta) techniques. Our results show a continuous decrease of T_C (x) with negative curvature down to T_C = 3K at x*= 0.65, where a positive curvature takes over. Beyond x*, a cusp in cac is traced down to T_C* = 25 mK at x = 0.87, locating the critical concentration between x = 0.87 and 0.90. The quantum criticality of this region is recognized by the -log(T/T_0) dependence of C_m/T, which transforms into a T^-q (~0.5) one at x = 0.87. At high temperature, this system shows the onset of valence instability revealed by a deviation from Vegard's law (at x_V~0.75) and increasing hybridization effects on high temperature \chi_dc and \rho. Coincidentally, a Fermi liquid contribution to the specific heat arises from the MV component, which becomes dominant at the CeRh limit. In contrast to antiferromagnetic systems, no C_m/T flattening is observed for x > x_cr rather the mentioned power law divergence, which coincides with a change of sign of \beta. The coexistence of F and MV components and the sudden changes in the T dependencies are discussed in the context of randomly distributed magnetic and Kondo couplings.Comment: 11 pages, 11 figure

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Complex and correlated quantum systems with promise for new functionality often involve entwined electronic degrees of freedom. In such materials, highly unusual properties emerge and could be the result of electron localization. Here, a cubic heavy fermion metal governed by spins and orbitals is chosen as a model system for this physics. Its properties are found to originate from surprisingly simple low-energy behavior, with two distinct localization transitions driven by a single degree of freedom at a time. This result is unexpected, but we are able to understand it by advancing the notion of sequential destruction of an SU(4) spin-orbital-coupled Kondo entanglement. Our results implicate electron localization as a unified framework for strongly correlated materials and suggest ways to exploit multiple degrees of freedom for quantum engineering.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures (preprint format