Stabilization of Industry-Relevant Enzyme Formulations

What do all enzyme-containing liquid detergents have in common, besides their diversity? At the time of washing large parts of all enzymes are already inactive and denatured. Accordingly, the washing performance of the detergent is strongly reduced. There are various causes which lead to this undesirable loss of function. Starting with the presence of surfactants and chelating agents, proteolytic degradation as well as incorrect storage conditions. Known solution approaches focus on the temporal inhibition of protease and neglect the other denaturing factors and enzymes. This thesis deals with four different strategies to stabilize more than just one detergent enzyme against surfactants as well as against proteolysis

Strategien für Rechtspraktikanten im Umgang mit Bürgern hinsichtlich konfliktbehafteter Situationen am Amtstag

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich im Wesentlichen mit herausfordernden Situationen für RechtspraktikantInnen während der Amtstage sowie im Rahmen von prätorischen Vergleichsverhandlungen. Sie gliedert sich in zwei Teile einen theoretischen und einen praktischen. Im ersten Teil werden theoretische Gesichtspunkte erläutert. Dabei wird darauf eingegangen, was RechtspraktikantInnen sind und wozu der Amtstag bei Gericht dient. Darüber hinaus wird erläutert, was ein prätorischer Vergleich ist und welche Aufgaben RechtspraktikantInnen in diesem Zusammenhang haben. Zumal es sich bei Rechtsstreitigkeiten in der Regel aber nicht ausschließlich um nüchterne Sachprobleme handelt, werden auch die Themen Konflikt und Kommunikation näher durchleuchtet. Dabei wird insbesondere versucht, zum einen zu definieren, was ein Konflikt ist, und zum anderen werden die unterschiedlichen Konflikttypologien und deren Erscheinungsformen durchleuchtet. Es wird sowohl darauf eingegangen, wie unterschiedlich Konflikte verlaufen, als auch wie sie behandelt werden können. Beim Thema Kommunikation werden im Wesentlichen Kommunikationsformen anhand unterschiedlicher Ansätze erläutert. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit gilt es anhand qualitativer und quantitativer Forschung herauszufinden, welche Situationen während der Amtstage sowie im Rahmen von prätorischen Vergleichsverhandlungen für RechtspraktikantInnen schwierig sind. Entsprechende Situationen werden anhand von ExpertenInneninterviews durch qualitative und quantitative Forschung gewonnen. Darüber hinaus wird durch quantitative Forschung beantwortet, ob RechtspraktikantInnen für diese Situationen eine Form der Vorbereitung brauchen. Letztlich wird darauf eingegangen, welche Form der Vorbereitung aus Sicht der RechtspraktikantInnen sinnvoll ist, um sich konfliktbehafteten Situationen im Rahmen des Amtstages bzw prätorischer Vergleichsverhandlungen gewachsen zu fühlen.This thesis addresses the challenging circumstances legal interns face during the Amtstag, as well as within the framework of prätorischen Vergleichsverhandlungen. It is divided into two segments; theoretical and practical. The theoretical segment attempts to define legal Interns, and explains the purpose of the Amtstag in court. In addition, it explains prätorische Vergleichsverhandlungen and the function legal Interns have in this context. As litigations are generally tense, the issues of conflict and communication are also examined. In particular, efforts are made to define conflict, and to examine the different types and manifestations. It discusses the different conflicts that exist and how they can be handled. The forms of communication are explained using different types of approaches. The practical segment of this thesis focuses on the qualitative and quantitative research that is needed to find out which situations are difficult during the Amtstag, as well as in the context of prätorischen Vergleichen for legal Interns. Corresponding situations are obtained through expert interviews through qualitative and quantitative research. In addition, quantitative research will answer whether legal Interns need some form of preparation for these situations. Finally, it will discuss which form of preparation would be meaningful from the point of view of the legal Interns, in order to feel prepared for conflict situations in the context of the Amtstag or for prätorische Vergleichsverhandlungen.Mag. Eva Kübelbeck und Mag. Julian NassimbeniZusammenfassungen in Deutsch und EnglischAbweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der VerfasserinKarl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2019(VLID)437020

Enzyme-Polymer Conjugates to Enhance Enzyme Shelf Life in a Liquid Detergent Formulation

Herein, the synthesis of enzyme–polymer conjugates is reported. Four different activated polymers (mPEG-aldehyde, mPEG-NHS, maltodextrin-aldehyde, carboxymethyl cellulose aldehyde) are conjugated to the surface of protease, α-amylase, and lipase using two different strategies (reductive amination and alkylation with NHS-activated acid). Although the chemical modification of the enzymes is accompanied by losses in enzyme activity (maximum loss 40%), the covalent attachment of polymers increases the thermal stability and the stability in a standard detergent formulation compared to the unmodified enzymes. The enzyme–polymer conjugates are characterized by asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation and differential scanning microcalorimetry. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that conjugated enzymes still show performance in a real washing process. Enzyme–polymer conjugates show a potential as a stabilizing system for enzymes in detergents

Influence of Nanoconfinement on the pKa of Polyelectrolyte Functionalized Silica Mesopores

Functionalized ordered mesoporous materials are relevant in technologies, such as drug release, sensing, and separation. To design functionality, the silica framework can be functionalized with responsive molecules or polymers. Often, the pH value in those hybrid materials determines performance. Even though pH/pKa differences between polymers in bulk solutions and nanoscale confinement have been observed, the influence of confinement on pH- and pore filling dependent polyelectrolyte oligomer chain charge has yet not been investigated systematically. Here, mesoporous silica films are functionalized with (2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (DMAEMA) and 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphate (MEP) oligomers using photoiniferter initiated polymerization. This approach allows a controlled and environmentally friendly mesopore functionalization in water. The obtained oligomer functionalized pores are tunable with respect to pore filling. For both, poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) and poly(2-(methacryloxy)ethyl phosphate) (PMEP), the charge generation inside mesopore confinement is significantly delayed toward harsher pH conditions resulting in pKa shifts of 1–2 pH units. Polymer amount and ionic strength show to further influence the pKa of PDMAEMA in mesopores. The technological importance of the pH value in confinement and its effect on enzyme stabilization is demonstrated. Lipase from Aspergillus oryzae loses its activity upon encapsulation in silica nanoparticles at pH values where the enzyme is stable in bulk solution

DataSheet_1_IL-17A-driven psoriasis is critically dependent on IL-36 signaling.pdf

Plaque psoriasis is an autoinflammatory and autoimmune skin disease, affecting 1-3% of the population worldwide. Previously, high levels of IL-36 family cytokines were found in psoriatic skin lesions, thereby contributing to keratinocyte hyperproliferation and infiltration of immune cells such as neutrophils. While treatment with anti-IL36 receptor (IL36R) antibodies was recently approved for generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), it remains unclear, if targeting the IL36R might also inhibit plaque psoriasis. Here we show that antibody-mediated inhibition of IL36R is sufficient to suppress imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation and represses the disease’s development in a model that depends on IL-17A overexpression in the skin. Importantly, treatment with anti-IL36R antibodies inhibited skin inflammation and attenuated psoriasis-associated, systemic inflammation. This is possibly due to a widespread effect of IL36R inhibition, which not only suppresses pro-inflammatory gene expression in keratinocytes, but also the activation of other immune cells such as T-cells or dendritic cells. In conclusion, we propose that inhibition of the IL-36 signaling pathway might constitute an attractive, alternative approach for treating IL-17A-driven psoriasis and psoriasis-linked comorbidities.</p