Matthew Arnold Şiirinde Aradalık

TÜBİTAK 2214-A BURSİYERThis study concentrates on the inherent, yet paradoxical relationship surrounding the concept of inbetweenness and human ritualization within Matthew Arnold’s poetry, which is a characteristic example of the fragmentary and in-between poetics of Victorian poetry. Matthew Arnold’s poetry, being among the chief representatives of the period, demonstrates this paradoxical relationship especially within his four major poems, “The Scholar-Gipsy”, “The Strayed Reveller”, “The Forsaken Merman”, and “Empedocles on Etna”. These poems display the fragmentary and in-between characteristics of the phenomenon known as ritualization, however, by presenting representations of a non-ritualized, rather than a successfully ritualized consciousness, they draw attention to the inner-workings of in-betweenness as a mechanism of self-questioning and self-awareness. In-betweenness, in this regard, becomes observable in the non-integrative and incomplete ritualization and identification process represented through self-reflexive poetic portrayals and manipulations of mythic-poetic figures such as the ScholarGipsy, the Forsaken Merman, the Strayed Reveller, and Empedocles, voiced within the in-between settings, moods, and self-reflexive dramatic structures of the poems discussed. This dissertation relates Arnold’s poetry to that of the concepts of in-betweenness and human ritualization, arguing that Arnold’s personas within the poems demonstrate their non-integrative and non-indulgent relationship with their environment and mythic subject-matters through representations of the self-questioning of their own inbetweenness and failed sense of ritualization. As a result, a self-aware and critical consciousness emerges in Arnold’s poetry within the broken relationship between in-betweenness and human ritualization, which makes use of the detached and fragmented Victorian poetics as its characteristic, yet unique mode.TÜBİTAKBu çalışma Matthew Arnold’ın şiirlerinde aradalık kavramını aidiyet ve ritüel kavramları ile olan paradoksal ilişkisi çerçevesinde ele alarak parçalanmışlık ve arada kalmışlık bilincinin şiirde açıkça gözlemlenebilmeye başlandığı Victoria dönemi İngiliz şiirinde tartışmaktadır. Matthew Arnold’ın şiiri ve şiire genel yaklaşımı Victoria dönemi şiiri açısından aradalık ve parçalanmış bilinç özelliklerinin ön plana çıktığı bir alandır. Arnold’ın “The Scholar-Gipsy”, “The Strayed Reveller”, “The Forsaken Merman”, ve “Empedocles on Etna” adlı şiirleri bu tez bünyesinde yukarıda belirtilen çerçeve içerisinde tartışılmak üzere seçilmiştir. Bu şiirler aradalık ve ritüel kavramlarının birbirleriyle olan etkileşim süreçlerini paradoksal ve sorgulayıcı bir içyapı yardımıyla yansıtmaktadırlar. Bu içyapı mitolojik, masalsı ve folklorik özellikleri ile şiirlere konu edilen şiir kişileri aracılığıyla insan doğasının sınırlılığı dolayısıyla hissedilen sürekli bir aradalık ve sıkışmışlık duygusunu yansıtmaktadır. Bilinmezlik duygusu ve insan bilincinin öte kavramı ile kurduğu ilişki Arnold’ın şiirlerinde aradalık ve sıkışmışlık duygularının temelini oluşturmaktadır. Bunun yansımaları şiir sanatının iç dinamiklerine mitolojik hassasiyetleri çerçevesinde yaklaşan Matthew Arnold’ın adı geçen şiirlerinde aradalık kavramına yöneltilen içsel bir sorgulama olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu tez, aradalık kavramını on dokuzuncu yüzyılın son çeyreği ile hız kazanmaya başlayan dil, aradalık, ve ritüel odaklı disiplinler arası çalışmalar çerçevesinde Victoria dönemi şiirinin aradalık ile kurduğu ilişki bağlamını da gözeterek kendi iç paradoksları ile tartışmaktadır. Sonuç olarak görülmektedir ki Arnold’ın seçili şiirleri ritüel duygusunu barındırmakla birlikte artık ritüel düşüncesi ile bağlarını koparmış bilinç yansımalarını çözümsüz ve süregelen, sadece insana özgü sonsuz bir aradalık veya arada kalmışlık durumunu sorgulayacak ve sorgulatacak şekilde bir öz-farkındalık çerçevesinde yansıtmaktadır

Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of Prangos Lindl. (Umbelliferae) species growing in Konya province (Turkey)

Prangos species are widely used as medicinal plants in Turkey, and 14 species of this genus grow naturally in Anatolia. In the present study, the phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of the water and methanol (MeOH) extracts obtained from the root, herb, and fruits of 4 species of Prangos (Prangos ferulacea, P. heyniae, P. meliocarpoides var. meliocarpoides, and P. uechtritzii) collected in Konya province were compared. The phenolic contents of the samples were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were studied by qualitative DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical) assay to detect the free radical scavenging activity and by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay to detect their liposome lipid peroxidation. Total phenolic contents of the MeOH extracts were found to range from 77.99 to 140.29 mg/g and the water extracts ranged from 37.53 to 97.29 mg/g in dry weight expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). All extracts showed a slightly antioxidant activity with the DPPH(center dot) test. High activity was observed in the MeOH extracts when compared to the water extracts in the TBA test

Olive leaf extracts protect cardiomyocytes against 4-hydroxynonenal-induced toxicity in vitro: Comparison with oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and quercetin

Olive (Olea europaea) leaf, an important traditional herbal medicine, displays cardioprotection that may be related to the cellular redox modulating effects of its polyphenolic constituents. This study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect of the ethanolic and methanolic extracts of olive leaves compared to the effects of oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and quercetin as a positive standard in a carbonyl compound (4-hydroxynonenal)- induced model of oxidative damage to rat cardiomyocytes (H9c2). Cell viability was detected by the MTT assay; reactive oxygen species production was assessed by the 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate method, and the mitochondrial membrane potential was determined using a JC-1 dye kit. Phospho-Hsp27 (Ser82), phospho-MAPKAPK-2 (Thr334), phospho-c-Jun (Ser73), cleaved-caspase-3 (cl-CASP3) (Asp175), and phospho-SAPK/JNK (Thr183/Tyr185) were measured by Western blotting. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts of olive leaves inhibited 4-hydroxynonenal-induced apoptosis, characterized by increased reactive oxygen species production, impaired viability (LD50: 25 μM), mitochondrial dysfunction, and activation of pro-apoptotic cl-CASP3. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts of olive leaves also inhibited 4-hydroxynonenal-induced phosphorylation of stress-activated transcription factors, and the effects of extracts on p-SAPK/JNK, p-Hsp27, and p-MAPKAPK-2 were found to be concentration-dependent and comparable with oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and quercetin. While the methanolic extract downregulated 4-hydroxynonenal-induced p-MAPKAPK-2 and p-c-Jun more than the ethanolic extract, it exerted a less inhibitory effect than the ethanolic extract on 4-hydroxynonenal-induced p-SAPK/JNK and p-Hsp27. cl-CASP3 and p-Hsp27 were attenuated, especially by quercetin. Experiments showed a predominant reactive oxygen species inhibitory and mitochondrial protecting ability at a concentration of 1-10 μg/mL of each extract, oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and quercetin. The ethanolic extract of olive leaves, which contains larger amounts of oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, verbascoside, luteolin, and quercetin (by HPLC) than the methanolic one, has more protecting ability on cardiomyocyte viability than the methanolic extract or each phenolic compound against 4-hydroxynonenal-induced carbonyl stress and toxicity

Cytotoxic Effects of Some Nepeta Species against Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Their Associated Phytochemical Properties

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Assessment of antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activities, and characterization of phenolic compounds of Origanum haussknechtii

WOS:000660827000001Origanum haussknechtii Boiss. (Lamiaceae), an endemic herb growing in Turkey, is consumed as a tea in folk medicine. This study aimed to investigate antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activities of the methanol, and water extracts from the aerial parts of O. haussknechtii, as well as to determine their phenolic profiles by using HPLC analysis. The methanol extract of O. haussknechtii displayed the highest antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli with an inhibition zone of 11.57 mm, and MIC of 100 µg/mL. The methanol extract also exhibited an 80.53% inhibition effect on biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, the methanol extract showed cytotoxicity against the A549 cancer cell line with the growth inhibition of 47.7%. In the phenolic analysis, rosmarinic acid was detected to be a major compound in both methanol, and water extracts, with the amount of 43.17, and 17.68 mg/g extract, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first report on the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activities of O. haussknechtii, as well as the phenolic compositions using HPLC. Our data revealed that O. haussknechtii has the potential to be used in pharmaceutical, and cosmetic raw materials, as well as food supplements for application as novel bioactive agents