Välditav suremus Eestis ja selle seosed sotsiaalmajanduslike näitajatega

http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2668315~S1*es

Peer-Groups als Antwort auf die digitale Exklusion: Best Practice Beispiel zur Förderung digitaler Fähigkeiten bei älteren Erwachsenen

Niemals zuvor in der Geschichte der Technik hat eine Technologie eine so rasante Verbreitung erfahren hat, wie es mit Smartphones und Tablet PCs (digitale Medien) erlebt wurde (Moura und Carvalho 2010). Diese erweisen sich als digitale Alleskönner bzw. Minicomputer mit einem polyfunktionalen Leistungs- und Anwendungsumfang. Es verwundert nicht, dass „die Lebenswelt mit digitaler Technik […] alltägliches Handeln in nahezu allen Kontexten [präformiert].“ (Kerres 2017, S. 22) und mit einem hohen Nutzungszuspruch korrespondiert. In Deutschland beläuft sich die Anzahl der Smartphone-Nutzer auf 57 Millionen und dies bei jährlichen Zuwachsraten (Bitkom e.V. 2018).Jedoch trügt diese vermeintlich breite, gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz und die Nutzung digitaler Medien scheint sich als altersspezifisches Phänomen zu präsentieren. Liegt die Abdeckung mit Smartphones in der Altersgruppe der 14- bis 49jährigen bei über 95 Prozent (Bitkom e.V. 2018), nutzen lediglich 41 Prozent der Personen ab 65 Jahren ein Smartphone1 (Lutter et al. 2017). Dabei nimmt das Nutzungsverhalten mit zunehmenden Alter ab (Barczik 2019). Dies ist umso erstaunlicher, da digitale Medien speziell für ältere Erwachsene Möglichkeiten zur Alltagserleichterung bieten (Mori und Harada 2010, Leung et al. 2012, Thimm 2013). Überdies ermöglichen Smartphones und Tablet-PCs ortsunabhängige Interaktionsmöglichkeiten (Feist und McDougall 2013) und befördern damit die soziale Teilhabe. Feist und McDougall 2013 sprechen modernen Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) sogar die Möglichkeit zu, den Alter(n)sprozess gelingend zu unterstützen. Dies lässt sich mit Beispielen wie Mobile Healthcare oder Ambient Assistent Living Systeme untersetzen. Entgegen dieser Vorteile wirft sich unweigerlich die Frage auf, wodurch die gegebene altersbedingte Digital Divide verursacht wird? [... aus der Einleitung

Kv2.1 channels prevent vasomotion and safeguard myogenic reactivity in rat small superior cerebellar arteries

Vascular smooth muscle voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels have been proposed to contribute to myogenic autoregulation. Surprisingly, in initial experiments, we observed that the Kv2 channel inhibitor stromatoxin induced vasomotion without affecting myogenic tone. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that Kv2 channels contribute to myogenic autoregulation by fine-tuning the myogenic response. Expression of Kv2 channel mRNA was determined using real-time PCR and ‘multiplex’ single-cell RT-PCR. Potassium currents were measured using the patch-clamp technique. Contractile responses of intact arteries were studied using isobaric myography. Expression of Kv2.1 but not Kv2.2 channels was detected in intact rat superior cerebellar arteries and in single smooth muscle cells. Stromatoxin, a high-affinity inhibitor of Kv2 channels, reduced smooth muscle Kv currents by 61% at saturating concentrations (EC50 36 nmol/L). Further, stromatoxin (10–100 nmol/L) induced pronounced vasomotion in 48% of the vessels studied. In vessels not exhibiting vasomotion, stromatoxin did not affect myogenic reactivity. Notably, in vessels exhibiting stromatoxin-induced vasomotion, pressure increases evoked two effects: First, they facilitated the occurrence of random vasodilations and/or vasoconstrictions, disturbing the myogenic response (24% of the vessels). Second, they modified the vasomotion by decreasing its amplitude and increasing its frequency, thereby destabilizing myogenic tone (76% of the vessels). Our study demonstrates that (i) Kv2.1 channels are the predominantly expressed Kv channels in smooth muscle cells of rat superior cerebellar arteries, and (ii) Kv2.1 channels provide a novel type of negative feedback mechanism in myogenic autoregulation by preventing vasomotion and thereby safeguarding the myogenic response

An evaluation of the evidence brief for policy development process in WHO EVIPNet Europe countries.

BACKGROUND: Evidence briefs for policy (EBPs) represent a potentially powerful tool for supporting evidence-informed policy-making. Since 2012, WHO Evidence-Informed Policy Network (EVIPNet) Europe has been supporting Member States in developing EBPs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the process of developing EBPs in Estonia, Hungary and Slovenia. METHODS: We used a rapid appraisal approach, combining semi-structured interviews and document review, guided by the Medical Research Council (MRC) process evaluation framework. Interviews were conducted with a total of 20 individuals familiar with the EBP process in the three study countries. Data were analysed thematically, and emerging themes were related back to the MRC framework components (implementation, mechanisms of impact, and context). We also reflected on the appropriateness of this evaluation approach for EVIPNet teams without evaluation research expertise to conduct themselves. RESULTS: The following themes emerged as important to the EBP development process: how the focus problem is prioritized, who initiates this process, EBP team composition, EBP team leadership, availability of external support in the process, and the culture of policy-making in a country. In particular, the EBP process seemed to be supported by early engagement of the Ministry of Health and other stakeholders as initiators, clear EBP team roles and expectations, including a strong leader, external support to strengthen EBP team capacity and cultural acceptance of the necessity of evidence-informed policy-making. Overall, the evaluation approach was considered feasible by the EBP teams and captured rich qualitative data, but may be limited by the absence of external reviewers and long lag times between the EBP process and the evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: This process occurs in a complex system and must be conceptualized in each country and each EBP project in a way that fits local policy-making culture, priorities, leadership and team styles, roles and available resources. The use of a rapid appraisal approach, combining qualitative interviews and document review, is a feasible method of process evaluation for EVIPNet member countries