Back to restitutive readings again

This paper observes that adverbs meaning ‘back’ systematically give rise to restitutive readings which have long been thought of only as secondary readings of adverbs meaning ‘again’. Restitutive readings are argued to arise from two sources: repetition of a state, or reversal of an event. Languages like English and Hindi-Urdu have a separate dedicated adverb for each, showing the independence of these two sources. A single reversal-based/counterdirectional lexical entry (originally proposed for AGAIN) is demonstrated to capture an intuitive relationship that exists between three core readings of BACK. These readings are, however, shown to have several as yet unconsidered properties that necessitate a finer-grained expression of counterdirectionality than is afforded by the broad concept of reverse events. The paper significantly revises the counterdirectional presupposition, capturing the core readings of BACK-adverbs by appealing not to repetition or reversal but to elements that can be copied from the assertion itself: THEME, SCALE, and end point of scalar change

Counterdirectionality in the Grammar: Reversals and Restitutions

This dissertation is an exploration of counterdirectionality, a semantic notion encompassing various sorts of reversals, involving either movement along a path, or---more abstractly---the restoring of an object or a state of affairs to a prior condition. Counterdirectionality is a relationship between an asserted event and a presupposed event in a strict temporal ordering. Across languages, it is frequently expressed by presuppositional adverbs that mean BACK (as in English Ali flew back from New York, Bina hugged Ali back, The door swung back open). The distribution of BACK-adverbs tends to overlap in a systematic way with that of repetitive/restitutive adverbs, i.e. those that mean AGAIN (as in English swung back open/swung open again), a puzzling fact given that counterdirectional adverbs have no repetitive component. This work ties into an older literature in which restitutive readings have been used as tools to probe syntactic structure very low in the VP. I demonstrate that Hindi-Urdu allows some adverbs to be structurally low, modifying very small sub-structures within the VP, as evidenced by highly constrained word order in restitutive readings, as opposed to the freedom of scrambling available in other circumstances. I show that a basic semantics for counterdirectionality can derive the effect of restitution independent of repetition. The core contribution of this dissertation is a semantic treatment of BACK-adverbs that moves beyond the basic task of capturing restitutive readings. I show that two core readings of BACK bear a family resemblance that is explained by a view of scalar change that unifies paths and scales: restitutive readings (restoring a state) and reversed path readings thus convey the same kind of meaning, with their slightly different flavours due to the specific scale involved in each case. Once we adopt this view, we no longer need to posit counterdirectionality or reversal as a semantic primitive; rather, the presupposition of BACK is derived correctly in each case by copying some (and critically not all) of the content of the assertion. My proposal radically simplifies the semantics of counterdirectionality, reducing it to concrete components already present in the assertion, and linking specificities (verbal selection, word order) of the various readings to independently available syntactic and semantic processes. I build my proposal on a detailed case study of vaapas \u27back\u27 in Hindi-Urdu, which exhibits a range of readings shared by BACK-adverbs in other languages. Finally, the dissertation contributes to the crosslinguistic study of adverbs and focus-sensitive presupposition triggers through the study of vaapas \u27back\u27, which is both: it can create different licensing conditions for a sentence depending on which constituent it associates with. This focus-association has word order consequences: I show that there are multiple possible surface positions available to focus-bearing nominals between the adverb and the verb, complicating the established FocP account of positional focus across South Asian languages

Menstrual cycle characteristics and associated physical problems among school going adolescent girls

Background: Onset of menstruation is the most marked physical change in an adolescent girl. Besides secondary sexual characters, other physical changes such as weight gain, acne etc. may trouble young girls. This study was carried out to study the characteristics of menstrual cycles and associated physical problems among the school going adolescent girlsMethods: A predesigned survey questionnaire was administered to students of classes 6 to 12 prior to a health education talk at two urban schools in Bhopal.Results: Of 414 students, 413 responded to the questionnaire. The mean age of the girls was 14.4 years [range: 10-18; SD: 2]. Of these, 277 girls reported their age at menarche, the mean age being 12.7 years [range: 11.2-13; SD: 1.52] and a majority (58%) of them had regular menstrual pattern. A good proportion of then suffered from mild dysmenorrhoea (46%); nearly 18% reported severe dysmenorrhoea and 6% girls reported absence of dysmenorrhea. Only 16% of adolescent girls had consulted a doctor for symptoms related to menstrual cycle the rest took it as a natural course of events during menstruation. Among other physical changes besides secondary sexual characters, 32% suffered from acne, 24% reported weight gain and 21% had excessive hair growth.Conclusions: A good proportion of school going adolescent girls experience menstrual pattern deviation from normal and all so other problems such as acne, weight gain and excessive body hair. However, only a minority of them approach doctors for alleviation of these problems. Some of these problems may easily be addressed during the adolescent school health programs if held regularly

Middleware Architecture - History and Adaptation with IEEE 802.11

Communication, which intends to provide a link between any two people, is now moving towards man-to-machine and machine-to-machine connection for transferring different types of data. This transmission scenario, with and ever expanding number of active and passive users, lays the foundation to variety of communication protocols owing to the different types of data which is involved in the process. Within this ever expanding communication arena, Middle-ware can be thought of as a set of hardware and software which is used to connect different platforms with the end-users that are increasing in number day-by-day, with a possible wide spread over any region spanning from few meters to several kilometers. IEEE 802.11 is the set of standards which guides the wireless technology for device implementation and demands seamless integration across the entire protocol stack. This in turn demands an overview of the middleware architecture in broader perspective. This chapter explores the concept of middleware in the existing communication scenario, current trends and future scope

Pleiotropic phenotypes of a Yersinia enterocolitica flhD mutant include reduced lethality in a chicken embryo model

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The <it>Yersinia enterocolitica </it>flagellar master regulator FlhD/FlhC affects the expression levels of non-flagellar genes, including 21 genes that are involved in central metabolism. The sigma factor of the flagellar system, FliA, has a negative effect on the expression levels of seven plasmid-encoded virulence genes in addition to its positive effect on the expression levels of eight of the flagellar operons. This study investigates the phenotypes of <it>flhD </it>and <it>fliA </it>mutants that result from the complex gene regulation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Phenotypes relating to central metabolism were investigated with Phenotype MicroArrays. Compared to the wild-type strain, isogenic <it>flhD </it>and <it>fliA </it>mutants exhibited increased growth on purines and reduced growth on N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-mannose, when used as a sole carbon source. Both mutants grew more poorly on pyrimidines and L-histidine as sole nitrogen source. Several intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid and the urea cycle, as well as several dipeptides, provided differential growth conditions for the two mutants. Gene expression was determined for selected genes and correlated with the observed phenotypes. Phenotypes relating to virulence were determined with the chicken embryo lethality assay. The assay that was previously established for <it>Escherichia coli </it>strains was modified for <it>Y. enterocolitica</it>. The <it>flhD </it>mutant caused reduced chicken embryo lethality when compared to wild-type bacteria. In contrast, the <it>fliA </it>mutant caused wild-type lethality. This indicates that the virulence phenotype of the <it>flhD </it>mutant might be due to genes that are regulated by FlhD/FlhC but not FliA, such as those that encode the flagellar type III secretion system.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Phenotypes of <it>flhD </it>and <it>fliA </it>mutants are related to central metabolism and virulence and correlate with gene regulation.</p

CRISPR activation screen in mice identifies novel membrane proteins enhancing pulmonary metastatic colonisation

Abstract Melanoma represents ~5% of all cutaneous malignancies, yet accounts for the majority of skin cancer deaths due to its propensity to metastasise. To develop new therapies, novel target molecules must to be identified and the accessibility of cell surface proteins makes them attractive targets. Using CRISPR activation technology, we screened a library of guide RNAs targeting membrane protein-encoding genes to identify cell surface molecules whose upregulation enhances the metastatic pulmonary colonisation capabilities of tumour cells in vivo. We show that upregulated expression of the cell surface protein LRRN4CL led to increased pulmonary metastases in mice. Critically, LRRN4CL expression was elevated in melanoma patient samples, with high expression levels correlating with decreased survival. Collectively, our findings uncover an unappreciated role for LRRN4CL in the outcome of melanoma patients and identifies a potential therapeutic target and biomarker.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Arpc1b, a centrosomal protein, is both an activator and substrate of Aurora A

In addition to its function as an Arp2/3 complex subunit, Arp1cb interacts with and stimulates Aurora A at centrosomes, functioning in cell cycle progression