Recent Advancements on Calcium and Phosphorus Recommendations in Broilers

Calcium and phosphorus have been recognized essential nutrients in chickens since 1950’s (Lesson & Summers, 2001) playing important roles in bone development, among other functions. Calcium is assumed an inexpensive nutrient in animal least cost formulation while phosphorus is considered expensive and scant. The actual economic impact comes from the influence of calcium on phosphorus requirements, changes in phosphorus digestibility, buffer capacity, gut health, trace mineral absorption, fat digestibility, welfare traits, etc. Both minerals have important interactions to be considered during formulation. Few changes have been made over the past 20 years to calcium and phosphorus recommendations because these values have supported the steady genetic improvement and also due to the complexity presented in the calcium supplementation interfering in the determination of phosphorus requirements. Herein, the latest calcium and phosphorus recommendations for broiler at various stages of growth will be provided

Calorimetry and Body Composition Research in Broilers and Broiler Breeders

Indirect calorimetry to study heat production (HP) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) for body composition (BC) are powerful techniques to study the dynamics of energy and protein utilization in poultry. The first two chapters present the BC (dry matter, lean, protein, and fat, bone mineral, calcium and phosphorus) of modern broilers from 1 – 60 d of age analyzed by chemical analysis and DEXA. DEXA has been validated for precision, standardized for position, and equations and validations developed for chickens under two different feeding levels. These equations are unique to the machine and software in use. Research in broilers fed exogenous enzymes added alone or mixed as a multi-enzyme composite (protease + glucanase + xylanase + phytase) has shown lower HP and higher protein deposition when protease was evaluated alone or in combination. An unexpected change from protein to fat deposition was seen in the grower phase (around 22d), with a switch back to more protein synthesis in the finisher (\u3e29d). The lower HP let to believe exogenous enzymes reducing the energy for maintenance, the next study resulted in enzymes reducing 6.6% the MEm (metabolizable energy for maintenance) evaluated in retained energy from the body of chicks (16 -27 d). The study was conducted increasing feeding levels and fit by linear regression. The maintenance experiment also showed that under feed deprivation conditions, body directs nutrients to protein synthesis before fat synthesis occurred. Research with broiler breeders resulted in HP increasing continuously along egg production and age from 26 - 59 wk. HP was the highest at 59 wk when the lean tissue was the highest. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER = VO2/VCO2) showed the lowest value at 43 wk suggesting fat utilization is higher at this point of egg production compared to the beginning (26 wk). Lean mass was the lowest at 37, and 50 wk and increased after 50 wk suggesting lean mass being more important than fat during egg production. Hens increased lean tissue after 50 wk suggesting preparation for next clutch as it happens in the wild, so fat is used as fuel for maintenance energy

La calidad de servicio y su influencia en las ventas en el primer semestre de la empresa VG+S. A., distrito Trujillo 2016

RESUMEN El presente escrito contiene los resultados del proceso investigativo que se desarrolló en la empresa de combustibles VG+ SA – Trujillo, Perú. En análisis tiene como objetivo general determinar el grado de influencia de la calidad de servicio en el incremento de ventas en el primer semestre de la empresa VG + SA, distrito Trujillo 2016, por lo cual se investigará las necesidades de los clientes, para brindar buenas soluciones de valor agregado y un nivel de excelencia que los satisfaga, y de esta manera garantice su lealtad y maximice el valor generado por cada uno de los clientes que visitan frecuentemente la empresa, ya que para toda proyección en el mundo moderno, implica partir del cliente y de conocer sus expectativas sobre las cuales se montan los servicios de excelencia, que en última instancia es el objetivo final de la investigación, porque se recomienda enmarcar los resultados en una buena calidad de servicio como una actividad reiterativa, donde cobra más valor la investigación en la medida que se constituye en el punto de partida del diseño de los servicios como procesos de mejoramiento continuo. El resultado fue conocer el nivel de influencia que conduce a identificar si existe relación con las ventas, y que, además, sienta las bases para la formulación de un paquete de valor que supere sus expectativas de la empresa en estudio.ABSTRACT The present document contains the results of the investigative process that was developed by the company VG SA - Trujillo, Peru. The study called under the name "The quality of service and its influence on sales of VG S.A., in the first half of the 2016, Trujillo" to improve and to realize the need of the customers, to provide good solutions with added value and a level of excellences that meets their satisfaction, and in this way ensures their loyalty and maximizes the value generated by each client who frequently visits the company, since for all proyections in the modern world, which include to start from the customer and meet their expectations upon which are mounted excellence services, which ultimately it's is the ultimate goal of the research, because is recommended to frame he results within a good service quality as a reiterative activity, where more research is valued to the extent that constitutes the starting point for the design of services as a process of continuous improvement. The result was to know the level of influence that leads to identify whether the relationship sales, and which furthermore lays the foundations for the formulation of package of value that exceeds their expectations of the company in study

Assessing Dietary Branched-Chain Amino Acids to Achieve Linear Programming Goals through Model Extrapolation and Empirical Research

Renewed interest, especially in the United States, has sparked in assessing branched-chain amino acid interactions in practical diets for broilers. Indeed, as L-valine enters formulation bird nitrogen excesses are reduced as diet protein falls to the new first limiting amino acid (e.g., isoleucine, arginine, or tryptophan). For a United States based example, the result is less oilseeds and more gains, which typically result in increased inclusions in corn or corn by-products, coupled with a concomitant increase in dietary leucine. The proceedings outline the foundations of the branched-chain amino acid early research, antagonism studies, and a meta-analysis conducted on publications with Cobb and Ross birds from 2000 to present. Results indicate that branched-chain amino acid interactions can occur in broilers fed on practical diets, and that responses vary by strain

EVALUACIÓN DEL ACEITE ESENCIAL DE ORÉGANO (Origanum vulgare) Y EXTRACTO DESHIDRATADO DE JENGIBRE (Zingiber officinale) COMO POTENCIALES PROMOTORES DE CRECIMIENTO EN POLLOS DE ENGORDE.

The effect of adding oregano (Origanum vulgare) essential oil and dry ginger (Zingiber officinale) in the diet on body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion rate was evaluated in 624 male Cobb 500 broiler chicks randomly assigned into four treatments with four replicates of 39 chicks each. Intestine and liver samples from four broilers per treatment were collected at day 14 and two at day 42 after treatment to determine possible histological toxic alterations and to determine the intestinal histomorphometry of jejunum. The treatments were: APC, Bacitracin methylene disalicylate (1 kg/MT of feed) and colistine sulfate 8% (0.25 kg/MT); SPC, without growth promoter; AEO, oregano essential oil (1 kg /MT); and JD, dryy ginger (10 kg/MT). There was no statistical difference between groups in body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion rate. Group AEO showed slightly larger villi but without statistical differences with other groups. All birds showed alterations in jejunum and liver. It is concluded that the use of AEO and JD as growth promoter did not improved productive performance probably due to the low health challenge.Se evaluó el efecto de la adición en la dieta del aceite esencial de orégano (Origanum vulgare) y de jengibre deshidratado (Zingiber officinale) en la ganancia de peso, consumo de alimento e índice de conversión alimenticia en 624 pollos machos Cobb 500 distribuidos aleatoriamente en cuatro tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones de 39 broilers cada una. Se obtuvieron muestras de intestino e hígado de cuatro aves por tratamiento el día 14 y dos por tratamiento el día 42 del ensayo para determinar posibles alteraciones histológicas por intoxicación y para determinar la histomorfometría de yeyuno. Los tratamientos fueron: APC, Bacitracina disalicilato metileno (1 kg/TM de alimento) y sulfato de colistina 8% (0.25 kg/TM); SPC, sin promotor de crecimiento; AEO, aceite esencial de orégano (1 kg/TM); y JD, jengibre deshidratado (10 kg/TM). No hubo diferencias estadísticas en peso, consumo de alimento ni conversión alimenticia entre grupos experimentales. Las vellosidades del grupo AEO presentaron una ligera aunque no significativa mayor longitud de vellosidades intestinales. Las aves de todos los grupos presentaron alteraciones histológicas en yeyuno e hígado aunque con diferente intensidad. Se concluye que el uso de AEO y JD como promotores de crecimiento no difieren de los otros tratamientos, probablemente por un bajo reto sanitario

Woody breast myopathy broiler show age-dependent adaptive differential gene expression in Pectoralis major and altered in-vivo triglyceride kinetics in adipogenic tissues

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to understand the differentially expressed genes in Pectoralis (P) major under woody breast (WB) myopathy condition in a high yielding broiler strain using RNA-sequencing at the growing (d 21) and finishing (d 42 and d 56) grow-out ages. Follow-up study was conducted to understand the in vivo triglyceride (TG) synthesis (d 49) occurring in adipogenic tissues using deuterium oxide (2H2O) as a metabolic tracer. Results indicated the top physiological systems affected in myopathy broiler were related to the musculo-skeletal system (d 21, 42, and 56) and cardiovascular system (d 42 and 56). Ubiquitin-specific proteases are expressed higher in myopathy broiler at d 21 (OTUD1) and d 42 (SACS) that potentially indicated higher degradation of muscle protein occurring at those ages. While genes related to transcription factors and muscle cell differentiation (ZNF234, BTG2) and muscle growth (IGF1) were upregulated with myopathy broiler suggesting concurrent muscle fiber regeneration. The downregulation of PYGB and MGAM genes related to carbohydrate transport and metabolism at d 42 potentially indicated nutrient-deficient state of myopathy affected fibers; whereas the nutrient-deficient physiological state of cells seemed to be counteracted by up-regulation of genes related to carbohydrate (ALDOB, GPD1L2) at d 56. There was a reduced (P < 0.05) in vivo TG synthesis in liver of the myopathy broiler (0.123 %/hr) compared to non-myopathy broiler (0.197 %/hr). The majority of TG synthesized in liver with myopathy broiler could conceivably be delivered to P. major (rather than to abdominal fat pad storage) to fulfil the increased energy need of muscle cells (via TG lipolysis and fatty acid [FA] oxidation). The increased utilization of FAs in the WB affected muscle could result in reduced secretion of FAs into blood circulation leading to sub-optimal availability of FAs for re-esterification for TG synthesis in liver. Results indicated that myopathy broiler at later age (d 56) of grow-out period were synchronously going through adaptive physiological processes of feedback responses to adverse cellular states

Documentos relativos a la Escuela-Taller de jóvenes pobres regida por la Sociedad del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús en Popayán

Documentos relativos a la Escuela-Taller de jóvenes pobres regida por la Sociedad del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús en Popayán. Incluye: reglamento para la Escuela-Taller; recibo de la contribución para útiles que hace María Josefa Pombo de Mosquera; borradores de los discursos en los certámenes de los años 1877 y 1878; informe de la directora, Carlota Caldas, presentado en 1878; correspondencia a la directora sobre contribuciones a la Sociedad; resumen de la cuenta de los fondos de la Sociedad desde 1879 a 1882; carta remitida por José Bolívar de Mosquera a Carlota Caldas que acompaña su donación para la Sociedad del Sagrado Corazón; cuenta que presenta la tesorera del Sagrado Corazón correspondiente al año de 1880. Fechadosen Popayán y Garzón