PRIMJENA GIS-A U GOSPODARENJU OTPADNIM VODAMA

This paper briefly describes the application of GIS in waste waters. It describes the major characteristics of GIS, as well as wastewater collection system and the reasons for the application of GIS in the analysis, modelling and display characteristics of drainage systems. There are described two programs based on GIS technology to analyse and monitor wastewater collection system. Also shown is the principle of selecting the location of device for purifying waste water, which is the ultimate element of the drainage system, using a GIS. In this way, it facilitated the process of selecting locations taking into account the various regulations, standards, as well as characteristics of the terrain and vegetation. GIS is used to monitor water quality even after treatment, which creates good conditions for its re-use. This was exemplified by the use of such treated water in irrigation and selection of suitable locations.U radu je ukratko opisana primjena GIS-a u gospodarenju otpadnim vodama. Navedene su glavne karakteristike GIS-a, kao i sustava odvodnje otpadnih voda te razlozi primjene GIS-a pri analizi, modeliranju i prikazu karakteristika sustava odvodnje. Detaljnije su opisana dva programa bazirana na GIS tehnologiji za analizu i monitoring sustava odvodnje otpadnih voda. Prikazan je i princip odabira lokacije uređaja za pročišćavanje otpadne vode, koji je krajnji element sustava odvodnje, pomoću GIS-a. Na taj je način olakšan sam postupak odabira lokacije uzimajući u obzir različite propise, standarde, kao i karakteristike okolnog terena i vegetacije. GIS omogućuje i praćenje kvalitete vode i nakon pročišćavanja čime se stvaraju dobri uvjeti za njeno ponovno korištenje. Naveden je primjer korištenja takve tretirane vode u navodnjavanju i odabiru prikladnih lokacija

Application of GIS in the wastewater management

U radu je ukratko opisana primjena GIS-a u gospodarenju otpadnim vodama. Navedene su glavne karakteristike GIS-a, kao i sustava odvodnje otpadnih voda te razlozi primjene GIS-a pri analizi, modeliranju i prikazu karakteristika sustava odvodnje. Detaljnije su opisana dva programa bazirana na GIS tehnologiji za analizu i monitoring sustava odvodnje otpadnih voda. Prikazan je i princip odabira lokacije uređaja za pročišćavanje otpadne vode, koji je krajnji element sustava odvodnje, pomoću GIS-a. Na taj je način olakšan sam postupak odabira lokacije uzimajući u obzir različite propise, standarde, kao i karakteristike okolnog terena i vegetacije. GIS omogućuje i praćenje kvalitete vode i nakon pročišćavanja čime se stvaraju dobri uvjeti za njeno ponovno korištenje. Naveden je primjer korištenja takve tretirane vode u navodnjavanju i odabiru prikladnih lokacija.This paper briefly describes the application of GIS in waste waters. It describes the major characteristics of GIS, as well as wastewater collection system and the reasons for the application of GIS in the analysis, modelling and display characteristics of drainage systems. There are described two programs based on GIS technology to analyse and monitor wastewater collection system. Also shown is the principle of selecting the location of device for purifying waste water, which is the ultimate element of the drainage system, using a GIS. In this way, it facilitated the process of selecting locations taking into account the various regulations, standards, as well as characteristics of the terrain and vegetation. GIS is used to monitor water quality even after treatment, which creates good conditions for its re-use. This was exemplified by the use of such treated water in irrigation and selection of suitable locations

Improving the security of conventional and UV luminescent flexographic prints by modification of the printing inks using nanoparticles

The security and protection of printed products against counterfeiting have become more advanced and increasingly used in the field of graphics technology. In this research, conventional process black (PB) and UV luminescent (UVL) inks used in flexography, modified by nanoscale silicon dioxide (SiO2), anatase and rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2), and zinc oxide (ZnO) at different concentrations were used. The purpose of adding nanoparticles to these inks was to protect PB and observed UVL inks from counterfeiting without significantly affecting the optical appearance and colourimetric properties of the printed motives. The results have shown that nanoparticles did not significantly affect the spectral reflectance of UVL inks observed under UV irradiation or the visual effect of UV luminescence. In addition, the nanoparticles had a negligible effect on the optical and colourimetric properties of PB inks, as evidenced by a slight increase in colour lightness after the addition of nanoparticles. Indirect detection of nanoparticles through their interaction with PB and UVL inks was possible through FTIR-ATR spectroscopy, which showed changes in the spectra of PB and UVL inks with nanoparticles compared to nanoparticle-free inks in the fingerprint region. This research opened the possibility of expanding the use of nanoparticles of different types and concentrations for process, spot, luminescent and other special and conventional inks in the field of graphic technology

Improving the security of conventional and UV luminescent flexographic prints by modification of the printing inks using nanoparticles

The security and protection of printed products against counterfeiting have become more advanced and increasingly used in the field of graphics technology. In this research, conventional process black (PB) and UV luminescent (UVL) inks used in flexography, modified by nanoscale silicon dioxide (SiO2), anatase and rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2), and zinc oxide (ZnO) at different concentrations were used. The purpose of adding nanoparticles to these inks was to protect PB and observed UVL inks from counterfeiting without significantly affecting the optical appearance and colourimetric properties of the printed motives. The results have shown that nanoparticles did not significantly affect the spectral reflectance of UVL inks observed under UV irradiation or the visual effect of UV luminescence. In addition, the nanoparticles had a negligible effect on the optical and colourimetric properties of PB inks, as evidenced by a slight increase in colour lightness after the addition of nanoparticles. Indirect detection of nanoparticles through their interaction with PB and UVL inks was possible through FTIR-ATR spectroscopy, which showed changes in the spectra of PB and UVL inks with nanoparticles compared to nanoparticle-free inks in the fingerprint region. This research opened the possibility of expanding the use of nanoparticles of different types and concentrations for process, spot, luminescent and other special and conventional inks in the field of graphic technology

Histological and morphometric aspects of ridge preservation with a moldable, in situ hardening bone graft substitute

Biphasic calcium phosphates (BCP) are widely used in alveolar ridge regeneration as a porous scaffold for new bone formation. The aim of this case series was to evaluate the regenerative effect of the combination of BCP and polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) which can serve as a barrier membrane during bone regeneration. The study included five patients. Four months into the healing period, bone samples were collected for histological and morphometric analyses. The results of morphometric analysis showed that newly formed bone represented 32.2 ± 6.8% of the tissue, 31.9 ± 8.9% was occupied by residual graft and 35.9 ± 13.5% by soft tissue. Active osteogenesis was seen around the particles of the graft. The particles were occupied mostly by immature woven bone and connective tissue. The quality and quantity of newly formed bone, after the use of BCP/PLGA for ridge preservation, can be adequate for successful implant therapy after tooth extraction

Histological and morphometric aspects of ridge preservation with a moldable, in situ hardening bone graft substitute

Biphasic calcium phosphates (BCP) are widely used in alveolar ridge regeneration as a porous scaffold for new bone formation. The aim of this case series was to evaluate the regenerative effect of the combination of BCP and polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) which can serve as a barrier membrane during bone regeneration. The study included five patients. Four months into the healing period, bone samples were collected for histological and morphometric analyses. The results of morphometric analysis showed that newly formed bone represented 32.2 ± 6.8% of the tissue, 31.9 ± 8.9% was occupied by residual graft and 35.9 ± 13.5% by soft tissue. Active osteogenesis was seen around the particles of the graft. The particles were occupied mostly by immature woven bone and connective tissue. The quality and quantity of newly formed bone, after the use of BCP/PLGA for ridge preservation, can be adequate for successful implant therapy after tooth extraction.Projekat ministarstva br. OI 175021 i br. OI 17300

Stanje tvrdog i mekog periimplantnog tkiva u estetskoj regiji gornje vilice posle prezervacije alveolarnog grebena beta-trikalcijum fosfatom sa kolagenom tip I - studija sa jednogodišnjim periodom praćenja

Background/Aim. Alveolar ridge dimensional alterations following tooth extraction in the anterior maxilla often result in an inadequate bone volume for a correct implant placement. In order to obtain optimal bone volume various bone graft substitutes have become commercially available and widely used for socket grafting. The aim of this study was to examine and compare long-term clinical outcomes of dental implant therapy in the maxillary esthetic zone, after socket grafting with beta-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) combined with collagen type I, either with or without barrier membrane and flap surgery, after a 12-month follow-up. Methods. Twenty healthy patients were allocated to either C group (beta-TCP and type I collagen without mucoperiosteal flap coverage) or C+M group (beta-TCP and type I collagen barrier membrane with mucoperiosteal flap coverage). Following clinical parameters were assessed: implant stability (evaluated by a resonance frequency analysis - RFA), periimplant soft tissue stability (sulcus bleeding index - SBI, Mombelli sulcus bleeding index - MBI, periimplant sulcus depth, keratinized gingiva width, gingival level) and marginal bone level at the retroalveolar radiograms. Results. Within C+M group, RFA values significantly increased 12 weeks after implant installation compared to primary RFA values. Comparison between investigated groups showed a significantly reduced keratinized gingiva width in the C+M group compared to the C group after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Comparison between groups revealed significantly lower gingival level values in the C+M group at 9th and 12th month when compared to the C group. Conclusion. Implant treatment in the anterior maxilla could be effective when using a 9 months alveolar ridge preservation healing with combined treatment with beta-tricalcium phosphate and type I collagen, with regard to the peri-implant soft and hard tissue stability.Uvod/Cilj. Posle ekstrakcije zuba, dimenzionalne promene alveolarnog grebena u estetskoj regiji gornje vilice za posledicu često imaju nedovoljnu količinu kosti za ugradnju zubnih implanata. U vezi sa tim, primenjuju se različiti koštani zamenici sa ciljem očuvanja dimenzija alveolarnog grebena posle ekstrakcije zuba. Cilj rada bio je da se, posle prezervacije alveolarnog grebena beta-trikalcijum fosfatom (TCP) sa kolagenom tip 1, sa barijernom membranom i mukoperiostalnim režnjem i bez nje, ispitaju i uporede klinički ishodi zarastanja posle ugradnje zubnih implanata u estetskoj regiji gornje vilice, tokom jednogodišnjeg perioda praćenja. Metode. Dvadeset zdravih bolesnika podeljeno je u dve grupe: C (beta TCP/kolagen tip 1 bez barijerne membrane i mukoperiostalnog režnja) i C+M (beta TCP/kolagen tip 1 sa barijernom membranom i mukoperiostalnim režnjem). Praćeni su uobičajeni klinički parametri ishoda terapije: implantna stabilnost (analiza rezonantne frekvence), stanje mekih tkiva (indeks krvarenja, plak indeks, širina pripojne mukoze, recesija gingive) i nivo periimplantnog koštanog tkiva na retroalveolarnom radiogramu. Rezultati. U C+M grupi, implantna stabilnost posle 12 nedelja bila je značajno veća u odnosu na primarnu stabilnost. U C+M grupi, širina keratinizovane gingive bila je značajno manja posle 3, 6, 9 i 12 meseci u odnosu na C grupu. Recesija gingive bila je značajno veća u C+M grupi u odnosu na C grupu posle 9 i 12 meseci. Zaključak. Razmatrajući stabilnost mekog i tvrdog periimplantnog tkiva, terapija zubnim implantima može biti uspešna prilikom ugradnje u estetskoj regiji gornje vilice

Histological and morphometric aspects of ridge preservation with a moldable, in situ hardening bone graft substitute

Biphasic calcium phosphates (BCP) are widely used in alveolar ridge regeneration as a porous scaffold for new bone formation. The aim of this case series was to evaluate the regenerative effect of the combination of BCP and polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) which can serve as a barrier membrane during bone regeneration. The study included five patients. Four months into the healing period, bone samples were collected for histological and morphometric analyses. The results of morphometric analysis showed that newly formed bone represented 32.2 ± 6.8% of the tissue, 31.9 ± 8.9% was occupied by residual graft and 35.9 ± 13.5% by soft tissue. Active osteogenesis was seen around the particles of the graft. The particles were occupied mostly by immature woven bone and connective tissue. The quality and quantity of newly formed bone, after the use of BCP/PLGA for ridge preservation, can be adequate for successful implant therapy after tooth extraction.Projekat ministarstva br. OI 175021 i br. OI 17300

CROATIAN GUIDELINES FOR THE PHARMACOTHERAPY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES

Uvod: Hrvatsko društvo za dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora izradilo je 2011. godine prve nacionalne smjernice o prehrani, edukaciji i samokontroli te farmakološkom liječenju šećerne bolesti tipa 2. Sukladno povećanom broju dostupnih lijekova te novim spoznajama o učinkovitosti i sigurnosti primjene već uključenih lijekova, pokazala se potreba za obnovom postojećih smjernica za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2 u Republici ­Hrvatskoj. Sudionici: Kao koautori Smjernica navedeni su svi članovi Hrvatskog društva za dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora, kao i ostalih uključenih stručnih društava, koji su svojim komentarima i prijedlozima pridonijeli izradi Smjernica. Dokazi: Ove su Smjernice utemeljene na dokazima, prema sustavu GRADE (engl. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) koji uz razinu dokaza opisuje i snagu preporuke. Zaključci: Individualan pristup temeljen na fiziološkim principima regulacije glikemije nuždan je u liječenju osoba sa šećernom bolesti. Ciljeve liječenja i odabir medikamentne terapije treba prilagoditi oboljeloj osobi, uzimajući u obzir životnu dob, trajanje bolesti, očekivano trajanje života, rizik od hipoglikemije, komorbiditete, razvijene vaskularne i ostale komplikacije, kao i ostale čimbenike. Zbog svega navedenoga od nacionalnog je interesa imati praktične, racionalne i provedive smjernice za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2.Introduction: The Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders of the Croatian Medical Association has issued in 2011 the first national guidelines for the nutrition, education, self-control, and pharmacotherapy of ­diabetes type 2. According to the increased number of available medicines and new evidence related to the effectiveness and safety of medicines already involved in the therapy there was a need for update of the existing guidelines for the ­pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes in the Republic of Croatia. Participants: as co-authors of the Guidelines there are listed all members of the Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, as well as other representatives of professional societies within the Croatian Medical Association, who have contributed with comments and suggestions to the development of the Guidelines. Evidence: These guidelines are evidence-based, according to the GRADE system (eng. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation), which describes the level of evidence and strength of recommendations. Conclusions: An individual patient approach based on physiological principles in blood glucose control is essential for diabetes’ patients management. Glycemic targets and selection of the pharmacological agents should be tailored to the patient, taking into account the age, duration of disease, life expectancy, risk of hypoglycemia, comorbidities, developed vascular and other complications as well as other factors. Because of all this, is of national interest to have a practical, rational and applicable guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes

Hrvatske smjernice za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2 [Croatian guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes]

Introduction: The Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders of the Croatian Medical Association has issued in 2011 the first national guidelines for the nutrition, education, self-control, and pharmacotherapy of diabetes type 2. According to the increased number of available medicines and new evidence related to the effectiveness and safety of medicines already involved in the therapy there was a need for update of the existing guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes in the Republic of Croatia. Participants: as co-authors of the Guidelines there are listed all members of the Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, as well as other representatives of professional societies within the Croatian Medical Association, who have contributed with comments and suggestions to the development of the Guidelines. Evidence: These guidelines are evidence-based, according to the GRADE system (eng. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation), which describes the level of evidence and strength of recommendations. Conclusions: An individual patient approach based on physiological principles in blood glucose control is essential for diabetes' patients management. Glycemic targets and selection of the pharmacological agents should be tailored to the patient, taking into account the age, duration of disease, life expectancy, risk of hypoglyce- mia, comorbidities, developed vascular and other complications as well as other factors. Because of all this, is of national interest to have a practical, rational and applicable guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes