Bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas as causative agents of fish disease

Ribe su kao i druge skupine životinja podložne bakterijskim infekcijama, pogotovo u stresnim uvjetima. Bolest se može pojaviti sistemski ili može biti ograničena na vanjske površine kao što su to koža ili škrge. Pritom su vidljive mnoge promjene na zaraženom primjerku koje se očituju fiziološki ili bihevioralno. Predstavnici više od 25 porodica bakterija su povezivani sa oboljenjima riba pa tako i oni roda Pseudomonas. Do sad je zabilježeno šest vrsta koje su primarni ili sekundarni patogeni: Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes te Pseudomonas putida. Sveprisutne su u vodenom okolišu te se uglavnom smatraju oportunističkim ili slabim primarnim patogenima. Izazivaju ponajviše krvarenja u velikom broju organa, nakupljanje peritonealne tekućine te lezije i ulkuse, a bolest često završava smrću jedinke. Ekonomski najznačajnija zbog velikih gubitaka u akvakulturi je Pseudomonas anguilliseptica.Fish are, as well as other groups of animals, susceptible to bacterial infections, especially under stressfull conditions. The disease may present itself sistemically or be constrained to the outer surfaces such as gills or the skin. Many changes can be observed concerning the diseased individual, physiological or behavioral. Representatives of over 25 families of bacteria have been linked to fish diseases including the genus Pseudomonas. So far, there have been six species identified as causative agents of fish disease: Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes te Pseudomonas putida. They are ubiquitous in the environment and are mainly thought of as oportunistic or weak primary pathogens. These bacteria cause mostly haemorrhages in a number of organs, the accumulation of ascitic fluid in the abdomen as well as lesions and ulcers. Due to the losses in aquaculture Pseudomonas anguilliseptica is economically most significant

Rare records of the false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) in the Adriatic Sea

In spring 2021, four unusual encounters with a group of false killer whales were recorded in Kvarner Bay, Northern Adriatic Sea. A minimum of five individuals, including a calf, were observed and two photos were taken corroborating species identification. These are the first reported sightings of the species in the Adriatic Sea since the mid-twentieth century. In addition, another encounter was revealed that occurred at the end of the 2000s in the same location and should be added to the list of historic observations. These reports were obtained by chance and show the importance of citizen science in obtaining data on rare marine species. The information gathered goes towards a better understanding of the distribution of the species in the Mediterranean Sea

Estructura genética poblacional e historia demográfica de Aphanius fasciatus (Cyprinodontidae: Cyprinodontiformes) en hábitats hipersalinos del Adriático oriental

In order to investigate the phylogeography and population genetic structure of the South European toothcarp (Aphanius fasciatus), we analysed gene sequences of two mitochondrial markers (cytochrome b and mtDNA control region) in samples from eight localities along the eastern Adriatic coast and combined them with sequences from other Mediterranean localities. Since the South European toothcarp primarily inhabits hypersaline water bodies, it is a good model species for understanding patterns of colonization and dispersal of species adapted to variable conditions. The eastern Adriatic populations are separated into two groups of genetically related populations. The Northern group contains the populations from Sečovlje, Pag, Dinjiška, Nin and Pantan, whereas the Southern group contains the populations from Ston, Ulcinj and Narta. The majority of divergence events date back to the Pleistocene epoch and it is likely that sea level changes during glacial cycles played a significant role in shaping the recent genetic structure of this species. Our results imply pronounced intraspecific structuring of this species, whereas great environmental variations resulted in a smaller intrapopulational genetic diversity of A. fasciatus than seen in other Mediterranean fishes.Con el objetivo de analizar la estructura genética y filogeografía de las poblaciones del fartet oriental (Aphanius fasciatus), se analizaron secuencias de genes de dos regiones mitocondriales (citocromo b y región de control del ADNmt) en individuos de ocho localidades a lo largo de la costa oriental del Adriático y de otras localidades mediterráneas. El fartet oriental habita principalmente masas de agua hipersalinas, y es una buena especie modelo para el estudio de los patrones de colonización y dispersión de especies adaptadas a condiciones variables. Los resultados de nuestro estudio muestran que las poblaciones del Adriático oriental se separan en dos grupos genéticamente relacionados. El grupo del Norte contiene las poblaciones de Sečovlje, Pag, Dinjiška, Nin y Pantan, mientras que el grupo del Sur contiene las poblaciones de Ston, Ulcinj y Narta. La mayoría de los eventos de divergencia pudiera ser que se remontaran a la época del Pleistoceno, y es probable que los cambios del nivel del mar durante los ciclos glaciales jugasen un papel importante en la estructura genética reciente de esta especie. Nuestros resultados revelan diferencias intraespecíficas pronunciadas en el fartet oriental, y por otro lado menor diversidad genética intrapoblacional como resultado de grandes variaciones ambientales en comparación con otros estudios de peces del Mediterráneo

Population genetic structure and demographic history of <em>Aphanius fasciatus</em> (Cyprinodontidae: Cyprinodontiformes) from hypersaline habitats in the eastern Adriatic

In order to investigate the phylogeography and population genetic structure of the South European toothcarp (Aphanius fasciatus), we analysed gene sequences of two mitochondrial markers (cytochrome b and mtDNA control region) in samples from eight localities along the eastern Adriatic coast and combined them with sequences from other Mediterranean localities. Since the South European toothcarp primarily inhabits hypersaline water bodies, it is a good model species for understanding patterns of colonization and dispersal of species adapted to variable conditions. The eastern Adriatic populations are separated into two groups of genetically related populations. The Northern group contains the populations from Sečovlje, Pag, Dinjiška, Nin and Pantan, whereas the Southern group contains the populations from Ston, Ulcinj and Narta. The majority of divergence events date back to the Pleistocene epoch and it is likely that sea level changes during glacial cycles played a significant role in shaping the recent genetic structure of this species. Our results imply pronounced intraspecific structuring of this species, whereas great environmental variations resulted in a smaller intrapopulational genetic diversity of A. fasciatus than seen in other Mediterranean fishes

The genetic structure of mediterranean toothcarp Aphanius fasciatus (Valenciennes, 1827) (Teleostei, Cyprinodontidae) populations alongside the eastern Adriatic coast

Svrha ovog rada bila je utvrditi genetsku strukturu te filogenetske odnose populacija obrvana, Aphanius fasciatus (Valenciennes, 1821) na lokalitetima koji do sada nisu bili uključeni u slična istraživanja. Sekvencirana su dva genetska biljega te su dobiveni slijedovi nukleotida gena za citokrom b duljine 1.140 parova baza te kontrolne regije mtDNK duljine 396-398 parova baza. Jedinke su prikupljene na osam lokaliteta u Sloveniji, Hrvatskoj, Crnoj Gori i Albaniji, a u analizu je uključeno više objavljenih sekvenci ove vrste, kao i drugih vrsta roda Aphanius. Uočena je niska intrapopulacijska te nešto viša interpopulacijska genetska ranolikost. Sve provedene analize ukazuju na to da istraživane populacije pripadaju nezavisnoj evolucijskoj liniji u odnosu na ostale vrste te da se međusobno genetski i prostorno mogu razdvojiti u dvije skupine. Prvoj skupini pripadaju populacije sjevernog i srednjeg, a drugoj lokaliteti južnog Jadrana.The purpose of this thesis was to determine the genetic structure and phylogenetic relationships among mediterranean toothcarp, Aphanius fasciatus (Valenciennes, 1827) populations from sites not included in similar investigations to date. Two genetic markers were sequenced and a number of nucleotide sequences corresponding to the cytochrome b gene (1.140 base pairs) and mitochondrial region (396-398 base pairs) were obtained. Individuals were collected from eight different localities in Slovenia, Croatia, Monte Negro and Albania. A. fasciatus sequences available from previous investigations, as well as those from other species of the genus Aphanius, were also included. Low genetic diversity was observed within the populations and a higher genetic diversity between the populations. The molecular analyses show that the studied populations belong to an evolutionary line independent from the other species. They are genetically and spatially distinct and can be separated into a northern and a southern group of sites, corresponding to the northern and southern Adriatic

Defying Evolution: Observations of a Mouth-Breathing Bottlenose Dolphin (<i>Tursiops truncatus</i>) - Video recording of mouth breathing bottlenose dolphin female from the Adriatic Sea. Supplement 2 to Hofs, J., Miočić-Stošić, J., Frleta-Valić, M.,Mackelworth, P.,Holcer, D. (2024)<b> </b>Aquatic Mammals

In the Adriatic Sea, a female common bottlenose dolphin named “Boa” was observed on 19 occasions between 2009 and 2019, inhaling via her mouth every observed respiration. We provide some explanations for the cause of this behaviour using the existing evidence. “Boa” appeared to be in good physical shape and displayed behaviour similar to other individuals. She mothered three calves, raising at least one to independence successfully. Because she lived a normal life, we believe she could vocalise and echolocate. Boa may have been forced to breathe through her mouth in order to deal with internal injuries, occlusion or disease. Of the potential causes, an occlusion of the upper respiratory tract seems more likely than a perforation or permanent dislocation of the larynx. An occlusion could result from disease, a congenital disorder, and wrongly ingested or inhaled food items or foreign materials. In order to breathe via the mouth, Boa must have been able to circumvent the separation of respiratory tract from the oral cavity. By relaxing the respiratory muscles, particularly the palatopharyngeus, she could have used the negative pressure of the lungs to pull in air from the oropharynx into the upper respiratory tract. The true cause of Boa’s condition will probably never be discovered.</p