Water related environmental issues in central asia

This article addresses the need for a sustainable water resource management in the Central Asian region with a hot, dry and continental climate. This research and its results meet sustainable development’s goals and also specifically the potential to solve or softening consequences of the Aral Sea ecological disaster. The urgency of this concern is felt most deeply in areas lacking potable water, most notably the larger Aral Sea region. During the long summer (from May until October) water consumption increases sharply and water sources cannot meet the demand. Intensive water use and sharply increasing of the water demand misbalances water flow in the main rivers as Syr Darya and Amu Darya which feed the Aral Sea. The primary challenge facing water supply and sustainability specialists in Central Asia and specifically in Uzbekistan is to balance competing water supply demand and water sources preservation in the region. Among these demands is the urgency of halting further depletion of water in the Aral Sea, and, ideally, to augment the water in that basin. But there is also the need to develop high quality water delivery systems for human and industrial use. And, of course, there is the question of what water can be left for the agricultural sector of the dry and hot temperature region to irrigate its crops or just sustainable water resources management. This study will address water-related issues in the Central Asian Republics with special emphasis on the Republic of Tajikistan. The authors analyse a current situation and describe the factors that contribute to these issues and will provide recommendations for alleviating the Aral Sea disaster. Authors offer to solve this problem with wider team from different fields

Geographical and seasonal variability in the development of aphids (Homoptera, Aphidinea)

The purpose of the research is to study geographical and seasonal variability of aphids from the Ferghana Range.Materials and methods. The research materials were long-term collections, observations and experiments conducted in various zones of the Ferghana Range (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan) in 2006–2020. The studies used entomological, aphidological and statistical methods. The V. Barov’s psi-square and Student and Fisher’s Z methods were used to compare the samples. Mathematical analysis was performed based on 16 morphometric characteristics from the samples of adult aphids (n = 10).Results and discussion. The morphological features of aphids during divergence are a key factor in their range forage and adaptation to it. Other environmental factors have undoubtedly a direct effect on aphids through forage plants in some cases. The study of morphometric parameters of the samples taken in Mayli-Say and Khanabad showed that the variability of the aphid’s hindleg was zero, and the samples from Mayli-Say differed significantly from the samples from Khanabad (P > 0.01). The study results confirm that the samples from both regions are mainly subject to geographical variability influenced by climatic and other factors, and the confidence level differs in morphometric parameters

Methodology for substantiation of technical and economic indicators of PSPP in energy water management systems of Uzbekistan

In our country, a lot of attention is paid to the development of the energy sector. A lot of work is underway to modernize existing capacities and commission new capacities. At the same time, the unit capacities of units and power plants also increase, which ensures faster commissioning of capacities in the power system and an increase in the efficiency of power plants. Attention is also paid to the development of power plants based on renewable energy sources (hydraulic, solar, wind, etc.). One of the most important tasks in the power industry is to cover peak minimum and maximum loads, which is becoming increasingly important in connection with the growth of the power system's capacity. As is known, according to world indicators, the maneuverable capacities should be about 25% of the total power of the EPS. The most promising maneuverable capacities are hydroelectric power plants. However, in our country, hydroelectric power plants account for about 14.3%. This task will become more complicated with the introduction of capacities based on solar and wind energy and the commissioning of new hydroelectric and thermal power plants in the Republic. This is because RES capacities have a significant discontinuity even during the day, and the water resources in the Republic are primarily for irrigation and drainage purposes and are significantly variable during the season. One way to solve these problems in the world is the creation and use of pumped storage power plants (PSPP). The peculiarities of the creation and use of pumped storage power plants in our region are that the available hydro resources of our region are mainly of water management importance, while the task is also to increase the energy efficiency of existing reservoirs. Based on the foregoing, we can say that the development of methods for determining the economic efficiency of pumped storage power plants, taking into account direct and indirect effects, taking into account the peculiarities of their use in energy and water management systems of Uzbekistan is the main task for the present time. To solve the set tasks, a new methodology and program for substantiating the technical and economic indicators of pumped storage power plants in Uzbekistan's energy and water management systems have been developed. The schemes of using pumped storage power plants at four energy and water management facilities, that is, the Tuyamuyun hydro subunit, Arnasai, Talimarjan, and Khodjikent reservoirs, were considered, and for these facilities, based on the developed methodology and program, their technical and economic parameters of the pumped storage power plant were determined. Based on the results obtained, it can be said that using the PSPP in four facilities, it is possible to generate a total of about 418 MW of capacity and more than 930.0 million kWh of electricity, as well as to save 139 thousand tons of fuel equivalent per year, with this, the annual economic efficiency will be about 700.0 billion sums

Deep tillage using bioselvent preparation before soil washing

The article presents a new tool for deep soil tillage, as well as design, operation principles and parameters of two-tier deep tillage device used in the process of deconsolidation of gypsum and dense soil layers according to a special technology with active rotating working bodies and the technology of its application, while improving the ameliorative state of saline soils using the biosolvent chemical composition with spraying on the soil surface and inner layer, before the autumn washing with salt, and washes out harmful salts from the soil. The developed tools and the parameters of their device for deep tillage of the soil and the technology of its application, the results of theoretical and experimental studies are presented

Особенности географической и сезонной изменчивости в развитии тлей (Homoptera, Aphidinea)

The purpose of the research is to study geographical and seasonal variability of aphids from the Ferghana Range.Materials and methods. The research materials were long-term collections, observations and experiments conducted in various zones of the Ferghana Range (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan) in 2006–2020. The studies used entomological, aphidological and statistical methods. The V. Barov’s psi-square and Student and Fisher’s Z methods were used to compare the samples. Mathematical analysis was performed based on 16 morphometric characteristics from the samples of adult aphids (n = 10).Results and discussion. The morphological features of aphids during divergence are a key factor in their range forage and adaptation to it. Other environmental factors have undoubtedly a direct effect on aphids through forage plants in some cases. The study of morphometric parameters of the samples taken in Mayli-Say and Khanabad showed that the variability of the aphid’s hindleg was zero, and the samples from Mayli-Say differed significantly from the samples from Khanabad (P > 0.01). The study results confirm that the samples from both regions are mainly subject to geographical variability influenced by climatic and other factors, and the confidence level differs in morphometric parameters.Цель исследований: изучить особенности географической и сезонной изменчивости тлей Ферганского хребта.Материалы и методы. Материалом для исследований служили многолетние сборы, наблюдения и эксперименты, проведенные в 2006–2020 гг. в различных зонах Ферганского хребта (Узбекистан, Кыргызстан). В исследованиях использовали энтомологические, афидологические и статистические методы. Для сравнения образцов использовали методы пси-квадрат В. Барова, «Z» Стьюдента и Фишера. Был проведен математический анализ на основе 16 морфометрических признаков из образцов взрослых особей тлей (n = 10).Результаты и обсуждение. При дивергенции морфологические особенности тлей являются ключевым фактором в их кормовой растительности и адаптации к ней. Другие факторы окружающей среды в ряде случаев несомненно оказывают прямое воздействие на тлей через кормовые растения. Изучение морфометрических параметров образцов, отобранных в Майлисае и Ханабаде, показало, что вариабельность задней лапы тлей равна нулю, а образцы из Майлисая, значительно отличаются от образцов из Ханабада (P > 0,01). Результаты исследования подтверждают, что образцы из обоих регионов, в основном, подвержены географической изменчивости под влиянием климатических и других факторов, а уровень достоверности различается по морфометр

The effect of local immunity on gastric cancer prognosis

Aim. To study the state of local immunity in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Materials and methods. From 2017 to 2018, 45 previously untreated patients with gastric adenocarcinoma (25 with stage IIII, 20 with stage IV) received surgical/combined treatment or chemotherapy, respectively, at the Blokhin Scientific Research Center of Oncology. Tumor tissue was taken before treatment. By using flow cytometry there were evaluated the percentage of tumor tissue infiltration by lymphocytes (CD45+CD14-TIL); T cells (CD3+CD19-TIL); B cells (CD3-CD19+TIL); NK cell (CD3-CD16+CD56+TIL); effector cells CD16 (CD16+Perforin+TIL) and CD8 (CD8+Perforin+TIL) with their cytotoxic potential active CD16TIL and active CD8TIL; subpopulations of regulatory T cells NKT cells (CD3+CD16+CD56+TIL), regulatory cells CD4 (CD4+CD25+CD127-TIL) and CD8 (CD8+CD11b-CD28-TIL). The prognostic value of immune cells for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) was assessed. Results. A favorable prognosis factor for progression-free survival in patients with local and locally advanced forms of gastric cancer was an increase in the number of CD3-CD19+TIL (HR 0.862, 95% CI 0.7820.957, p=0.005), and an unfavorable prognosis was an increase in NK cells (CD3-CD16+CD56+TIL); HR 1.382, 95% CI 1.0871.758, p=0.008. The negative effect of the relative content of NK cells (CD3-CD16+CD56+TIL) and NKT cells (CD3+CD16+CD56+TIL) on OS of patients with metastatic gastric cancer noted (HR 1.249, 95% CI 0.9971.564, p=0.053; HR 1.127, 95% CI 1.0251.239, p=0.013). At the same time, an increase in the percentage of tumor tissue infiltration by lymphocytes (CD45+CD14-TIL) and an increase in the age of patients (HR 1.005, 95% CI 1.0021.008, p=0.003; HR 1.098, 95% CI 1.0311.170, p=0.004) reduce the incidence of PFS in patients with metastatic gastric carcinoma. Conclusion. Indices of local immunity can serve as additional prognostic factors for gastric carcinoma

USING THE ISPRING SUITE SOFTWARE TO EVALUATE FUTURE TEACHERS\u27 PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES

Pedagogical innovation enriches the content of education and serves as a means of updating forms, methods, and tools. The introduction of innovation into the educational process is closely linked to the development of 756 computer technology and the use of educational software, including iSpring Suite, is the simplest and best way to evaluate professional competencies of future teachers using ICT tool

USING THE ISPRING SUITE SOFTWARE TO EVALUATE FUTURE TEACHERS\u27 PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES

Pedagogical innovation enriches the content of education and serves as a means of updating forms, methods, and tools. The introduction of innovation into the educational process is closely linked to the development of 756 computer technology and the use of educational software, including iSpring Suite, is the simplest and best way to evaluate professional competencies of future teachers using ICT tool

Sustainable water resources management in uzbekistan: transboundary issues

Uzbekistan and other Central Asian countries including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan are struggling to come to terms with an ecological disaster affecting the Aral Sea. The crisis has been brought about by the mismanagement of water resources from the Aral’s main tributaries, the Amudarya and the Sirdarya rivers. The primary source of quality drinking water in Uzbekistan and Central Asia is ground water, which accounts for between 85 an 90 % of the general water budget. Agricultural irrigation systems have caused high pollutions levels in the region’s (unevenly distributed) surface waters. Historically water flow the Aral Sea was 56 km3 per year, which decreased to 47 km3 between 1966 and 1970. Water flow plummeted to 2 km3 between 1981 and 1983, and now stands at less than 1,8 km3. A key question is how to balance social and economic development with natural resource protection. Central Asian Republics utilize the same watersheds and share many water management issues in common. It is clear that the region’s existing multination and regional water management and environmental protection project are insufficient by themselves to meet the scale of the problem. Further multinational agreements and joint-state/joint-agency programs will undoubtedly be required

THE EFFECT OF PHYTOMELIORANT CROPS ON THE ACCUMULATION OF SALT IN THE SOIL, NORMS FOR WASHING SOIL BRINE

The article presents the results of scientific research work carried out to optimize the water and salt procedures of soils in the conditions of moderately saline soils in terms of alluvial, mechanical composition of the Bukhara region with the help of phytomeliorative measures, to economize river waters spent on irrigation and salt washing of agricultural crop