The spatial distribution of lentic water mite (Acari: Hydrachnidia) assemblages goverend by prey availability

Vodengrinje su sekundarno akvatički predstavnici skupine grinja (Acari) koje možemo pronaći u svim tipovima slatkovodnih staništa. U fazi deutonimfa i odraslih jedinki gotovo sve vrste vodengrinja su predatori. Istraživanja o raspodjeli vodengrinja u ovisnosti o dostupnosti njihovog plijena u prirodnom okruženju su malobrojna, stoga je cilj ovog rada bio dokazati da je predacija najvažniji pokretač u sastavu i prostornoj raspodjeli zajednica vodengrinja. Unutar dvadeset i jedne akumulacije Dinaridske ekoregije Republike Hrvatske uzorkovan je zoobentos i mjerili fizikalno-kemijski parametri vode. Analizom podataka je utvrđeno da prostorna raspodjela vodengrinja u manjoj mjeri ovisi o okolišnim parametrima te o gradijentu dubine (zbog stabilnijih uvjeta u dubljim dijelovima). Najvećim dijelom je uvjetovana dostupnošću plijena: rašljoticalca (Cladocera), veslonošca (Copepoda), trzalaca (Chironomidae) i ljuskara (Ostracoda). Dostupnost plijena utvrđena je kao ključna varijabla koja upravlja sastavom i prostornom raspodjelom zajednica vodengrinja u lentičkim staništima.Water mites are a specific group of mites that have secondarily invaded freshwater habitats. Deutonymphs and adults of almost all species of water mites are predators. Studies of the distribution patterns and co-occurrence of water mites and their prey in littoral lentic habitats are not well known. Our main aim was to determine if predation was a significant driver in water mite assemblage composition and distribution. Samples of the zoobenthos and water physico-chemical parameters were taken from twenty-one man-made lakes in the Dinaric region of Croatia. Data analysis showed that the spatial distribution of water mites depended only partially on environmental parameters. There was also a positive correlation between water mite abundance and diversity and depth gradient (favoring more stable conditions in deeper parts of lakes). Water mite abundances were found to positively correlate with their prey of Cladocera, Copepoda, Chironomidae and Ostracoda. Predation was determined as a key biotic interaction, governing both spatial distribution and the composition of water mite assemblages

Infrastructural Requirements on Mobile Networks due to the Large Number of Network Game Users on Mobile Devices

Prva generacija mobilne mreže (1G) bila je analogna i omogućavala je isključivo glasovne usluge. Pojavom druge generacije (2G), koja je bila digitalna, kreće ubrzani razvoj mobilnih mreža, tehnologija i uređaja. To dovodi do pojave treće generacije (3G), koja uz klasične usluge omogućuje i povećane brzine pristupa Internetu. Kod razvoja 3G mreža javlja se i povećano korištenje raznih aplikacija, usluga i igara te tako dolazi do povećanja korisničkih zahtjeva. Mobilne igre se uvijek razvijaju tako da pritišću granice mobilnih mreža i posredno utječu na razvoj tehnologije, tehnike i same pružatelje usluga. Pružatelji mobilnih mrežnih usluga svojim korisnicima ograničavaju količinu prometa i dozvoljene brzine ovisno o tarifnom paketu, tj. cijeni koju plaćaju. Svaka nova generacija dovodi do povećanja količine podataka i brzina u tarifnim paketima, ali se cijene uvelike ne mijenjaju. Povećanje prometa i brzine se provodi pomoću mehanizama za kontrolu i upravljanje prometom, a pružatelji usluga ih koriste kako bi korisnicima ograničili usluge ovisno o cijeni. To se nastavlja i s novom generacijom, LTE mreža (4G), koje osiguravaju još veće brzine prijenosa podataka i brži pristup Internetu. Također dolazi do porasta u korištenju mobilnih igara i aplikacija što izaziva povećanje korisničkih zahtjeva. Ponovna potreba za većim brzinama i boljom uslugom dovodi do razvoja mobilnih mreža pete generacije (5G), a one će zasigurno ponovno pokrenuti razvoj idućih generacija.The first generation of the mobile networks (1G) was analog and provided voice services only. With the emergence of the second generation (2G), which was digital, the mobile network, technology, and devices developed significantly. This lead to the third generation (3G), which, along with classical services, also provided increased Internet access speeds. In the development of 3G networks, there was also increase use of various applications, services and games and thus increas of user demands. Mobile games are always evolving in a way that they push the limits and boundaries of mobile networks and thus affect technology, technique, and service providers. Mobile service providers provide their users with a limited amount of traffic and speeds depending on the tariff package, in other words the price they pay. Every new generation leads to increase in data amount and speed in tariff packages, but prices do not change much. Increase in the amount of data per user and data rates is handled through traffic control mechanisms, and service providers use them to limit users' cost-based services. It continues with the new generation of LTE networks (4G), providing even greater data rates and faster Internet access. It also leads to a rise in the use of mobile games and applications and again triggers increasing customer requirements. New need for higher speeds and better service again leads to the development of fifth generation of mobile networks (5G), and they will surely again launch the development of next generation of networks

Potential bioremediation effect determination of enzyme laccase using the umu-test

Uslijed porasta znanstvenog i javnog interesa učinaka genotoksina u okolišu pojavila se potreba za bioremedijacijom zagađivala te ispitivanjem različitih bioaktivnih spojeva i procesa u tu svrhu. Bioremedijacija je proces u kojem se koristi metabolitički potencijal mikroorganizama kao što su bakterije i gljive kako bi se pročistila zagađena područja i materijal. Metaloenzim lakaza je čest i široko rasprostranjen enzim koji pripada skupini oksidoreduktaza, a primarna funkcija joj je razgradnja lignina u gljivama. Lakaza nema svojstvo specifičnosti prema točno određenom supstratu, kao ni svojstvo stereospecifičnosti. Bioremedijacijski učinak enzima lakaze testiran je inkubacijom lakaze s različitim razrjeđenjima modelnih spojeva određivanjem genotoksične aktivnosti putem umu-testa. Genotoksični potencijal, odnosno aktivnost uzorka određena je mjerenjem aktivnosti β-galaktozidaze i izračunavanjem indukcijskih omjera (IF), a bioremidijacijski učinak je promatran usporedbom genotoksične aktivnosti koncentracija modelnih spojeva sa i bez enzima lakaze. Na temelju rezultata lakazom smanjene genotoksične aktivnosti modelnih spojeva 4-NQO i 2-AA te smjese ugljikovodika sadržanih u vodotopivoj frakciji nafte (VFN) proizlazi zaključak da odabrana koncentracija lakaze (1,00 U/ml) ima potencijalnu bioremedijacijsku vrijednost te ne posjeduje metaboličku aktivnost koja bi se mogla iskoristiti za metaboličku aktivaciju indirektnih genotoksina umjesto S9 frakcije jetre. Ovo je preliminarno testiranje te su nužna danja istraživanja i optimizacija uvjeta, što samog enzima, što postupka određivanja aktivnosti putem umu-testa.Due to increased scientific and general public interest of genotoxin effects in the environment, bioremediation of the toxicants and further investigation of a vast spectrum of bioactive compounds is needed. Bioremediation is a process in which metabolic potential of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, is used to cleanse contaminated areas and materials. Metalloenzyme laccase is a frequent and widespread enzyme of the oxidoreductase group and his primary function is degradation of lignin in fungi. Laccase is not specific to a substrate nor is it stereospecific. Bioremediation effect of the lactase enzyme was tested by incubation of lactase with different dilutions of model compounds and determination of genotoxic activity by umu-test. Genotoxic potential, in other words, genotoxic activity, was determined by measuring β-galactosidase activity and calculating induction ratio (IR), while the bioremediation effect was observed through comparison of genotoxic activity of model compounds concentrations with and without laccase. Based on the results of diminished genotoxic activity of model compounds 4-NQO, 2-AA and the mixture of hydrocarbons present in the water soluble fraction of crude oils (WSF). From presented data it is possible to conclude that laccase concentration of 1 U/ml has a potentially bioremediative value and does not possess metabolic activity which could be used for metabolic activation of indirect genotoxins instead of the S9 liver fraction. This is a preliminary experiment and further examinations and optimization of conditions are needed regarding both the enzyme and determination of activity by umu-test

Collecting Data and Determining of Traffic Parameters using Bluetooth Detectors

Povećanjem broja Bluetooth uređaja u vozilima, kao i u svakodnevnoj uporabi, moguće je provesti analizu prometnih parametara korištenjem Bluetootha kao markera za detekciju vozila i općenito sudionika u prometu. Bluetooth detektori služe detekciji Bluetooth signala iz uređaja koji koriste neku vrstu Bluetooth tehnologije i bilježenju pojavljivanja jedinstvenog indikatora – MAC adrese. U radu su prikazani prikupljeni podaci iz detektranih uređaja, kao što su MAC adrese, vrijeme detekcije i duljina boravka u zoni detekcije detektora. Prikupljeni su podaci filtrirani i analizirani kako bi se usporedili s podacima prikupljenih radarom koji detektira isključivo vozila. Prometni parametri analizirani u radu su: broj vozila koja sadrže Bluetooth uređaj, broj detekcija istog vozila u zoni, udio vozila koja imaju Bluetooth uređaj u ukupnom broju vozila, vrijeme zadržavanja vozila u detekcijskoj zoni i koeficijent zagušenosti prometnice. Iz dobivenih rezultata može se zaključiti kako ovaj način prikupljanja podataka omogućuje korištenje ove tehnologije u nadzoru i upravljanju prometom.By increasing the number of Bluetooth devices in vehicles, as well as in daily use, it is possible to analyze traffic parameters using Bluetooth as a marker for vehicle detection as well as detection of other traffic participants. Bluetooth detectors detect Bluetooth signals from devices which use some type of Bluetooth technology and its unique identifier – the MAC address. For the purpose of this thesis, data, like MAC addresses, detection times, and dwell times in detectors’ detection zone were gathered. These data were filtered and analyzed to make a valid comparison with the data collected using radars, which detect only moving vehicles. Traffic parameters analyzed in this thesis are: number of vehicles containing Bluetooth device, number of detections of the same vehicle in the detection zone, amount of vehicles containing Bluetooth device in the total number of detected vehicles, dwell time of a vehicle in the detection zone, and congestion coefficient of the road segment. From the obtained results it is possible to conclude that this method for data collection enables usage of this technology in traffic surveillance and management

The spatial distribution of lentic water mite (Acari: Hydrachnidia) assemblages goverend by prey availability

Vodengrinje su sekundarno akvatički predstavnici skupine grinja (Acari) koje možemo pronaći u svim tipovima slatkovodnih staništa. U fazi deutonimfa i odraslih jedinki gotovo sve vrste vodengrinja su predatori. Istraživanja o raspodjeli vodengrinja u ovisnosti o dostupnosti njihovog plijena u prirodnom okruženju su malobrojna, stoga je cilj ovog rada bio dokazati da je predacija najvažniji pokretač u sastavu i prostornoj raspodjeli zajednica vodengrinja. Unutar dvadeset i jedne akumulacije Dinaridske ekoregije Republike Hrvatske uzorkovan je zoobentos i mjerili fizikalno-kemijski parametri vode. Analizom podataka je utvrđeno da prostorna raspodjela vodengrinja u manjoj mjeri ovisi o okolišnim parametrima te o gradijentu dubine (zbog stabilnijih uvjeta u dubljim dijelovima). Najvećim dijelom je uvjetovana dostupnošću plijena: rašljoticalca (Cladocera), veslonošca (Copepoda), trzalaca (Chironomidae) i ljuskara (Ostracoda). Dostupnost plijena utvrđena je kao ključna varijabla koja upravlja sastavom i prostornom raspodjelom zajednica vodengrinja u lentičkim staništima.Water mites are a specific group of mites that have secondarily invaded freshwater habitats. Deutonymphs and adults of almost all species of water mites are predators. Studies of the distribution patterns and co-occurrence of water mites and their prey in littoral lentic habitats are not well known. Our main aim was to determine if predation was a significant driver in water mite assemblage composition and distribution. Samples of the zoobenthos and water physico-chemical parameters were taken from twenty-one man-made lakes in the Dinaric region of Croatia. Data analysis showed that the spatial distribution of water mites depended only partially on environmental parameters. There was also a positive correlation between water mite abundance and diversity and depth gradient (favoring more stable conditions in deeper parts of lakes). Water mite abundances were found to positively correlate with their prey of Cladocera, Copepoda, Chironomidae and Ostracoda. Predation was determined as a key biotic interaction, governing both spatial distribution and the composition of water mite assemblages

"Crime and Punishment" by F. M. Dostoyevsky (Raskolnikov and others)

Ovaj diplomski rad usmjeren je na analizu Rodiona Romanoviča Raskoljnikova, junaka romana Zločin i kazna F. M. Dostojevskoga, odnosno cilj mu je analizirati utjecaj submisivnih i agresivnih likova na protagonista i na siže romana. Analiza uključuje Sonju, Lizavetu, Dunju, Marmeladova, Svidrigajlova, Lužina i Aljonu Ivanovnu. Rad je podijeljen na tri glavna dijela: prvi dio pojašnjava princip submisivnih i agresivnih likova i njihovog djelovanja u romanu, dok se u drugom i trećem dijelu analiziraju.The aim of the diploma thesis is to analyse Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, the protagonist of the novel Crime and Punishment, that is, to analyse the influence of submissive and aggressive characters on the protagonist and also on the story of the novel. The analysis includes Sonya, Lizaveta, Dunya, Marmeladov, Svidrigailov, Luzhin, and Alyona Ivanovna. The thesis is divided into three main chapters: the first chapter elaborates the main characteristics and influence of submissive and aggressive characters, while the other two chapters analyse them

Variations in expressivity and penetrance of hypodontia

Genealoškom analizom obitelji s hipodoncijom moguće je utvrditi intenzitet izraženosti (ekspresivnost), odnosno pojavljivanje anomalije kroz generacije (penetrantnost). Analizirano je 35 heredograma obitelji s hipodoncijom kroz 3 generacije. U 48,5770 obitelji ovog uzorka hipodoncija pokazuje varijabilnu ekspresivnost kroz generacije. Heredogrami 21 obitelji pokazuju autosomno dominantni način nasljeđivanja. U 3 obitelji hipodoncija je nađena samo u članova jedne generacije. Analizom 12 obitelji utvrđena je hipodoncija samo u probanda. U 12 (34,28%) obitelji ovog uzorka hipodoncija pokazuje penetrantnost kroz 2 generacije, a u 9 (25,71%) kroz tri generacije.The intensity of expressivity and penetrance of anomalies through generations can be established by means of genealogical analysis. In the present study thirty five family pedigrees, including three generation family members, have been analysed. Veriable expressivity of hypodontia has been established in 48,57% families. Pedigrees of 21 families showed the autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Three families expressed hypodontia only in one (third) generation. In 12 families hypodontia has been established only in the proband what was compatible with the polygenic inheritance. In 12 (34,28%) families hypodontia showed penetrance through two generations, and in 9 (25,71%) families penetrance has been observed through three generations

Hypodontia — prevalence and variations in orthodontic patients

Cilj ove studije je bio ispitati prirodu hipodoncije u uzorku od 2066 ortodontskih pacijenata (8—20 godina) u Zadru. Kongenitalni manjak zuba bio je određen kliničkim i radiografskim ispitivanjem. Isključeni su umnja­ci i sindromi. Rezultati su pokazali da 114 pacijenata (5.52%) od ukupnog broja ima kongenitalni manjak zubi. U ženskih ispitanika bila je nešto češća hipodoncija, te znatnija češća mikrodoncija u kojoj ku prevalirali gornji lateralni incizivi. Najčešće je bio manjak samo jednog zuba (60,52%). Zub koji je najčešće nedostajao je gornji lateralni incisiv (17,12%). Više je bila zahvaćena gornja čeljust. U kombinaciji s ortodontskim anomalijama hipo­doncija je bila najčešće sa kompresijom, hipodoncijom kao jedinim nedostatkom i progenijom. Bilateralna simetričnost je bila u 37,71% slučajeva.The aim of this study was to assess the nature of hypodontia in a sample of 2066 orthodontic patients (aged (8—20 years) from Zadar. Con­genital tooth deficiency was determined by clinical and radiographic ex­aminations, excluding wisdom teeth and syndromes. The results showed 114 (5.52%) subjects to have a congenital tooth deficiency. In females, hypodontia was found to be more common, and microdontia, with upper lateral incisors prevailing, significantly more frequent than in males. Most often, a single tooth was missing only (60.52%). Upper lateral incisor was the most commonly missing tooth (17.12%). The maxilla was fond to hemore frequently affected. Concerning combinations of hypodontia and orthodontic anomalies, it was most frequently associated with compres­sion, hypodontia as a sole defect, and prognathism