Risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in agricultural soil surrounding a typical pharmaceutical manufacturing complex

The identification and effective control of pollution sources is essential because heavy metal pollution in agricultural soil is associated with food safety and public health. Industrial wastewater, waste gas, and residues generated from pharmaceutical manufacturing are important sources of heavy metal pollutants in soil, but the research of their risk for surrounding agricultural soil is inadequate. In this study, the typical pharmaceutical manufacturing complex and its surrounding farmland in Hubei Province, China was employed to systematically and comprehensively assess its environmental risk and source apportionment. The results revealed the potential risk of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg) from pharmaceutical production for farmland soil around, and among these heavy metals, As and Cd were observed to have the higher pollution level. The accumulated Cd and As had contribution to a series of risks, including comprehensive pollution risk, geo-accumulation risk, potential ecological risk, and the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) source analysis combining with the geographic distribution of heavy metal surrounding pharmaceutical manufacturing confirmed that there were three main heavy metal pollution sources, including pharmaceutical wastewater, traffic, and agricultural chemicals, which had the 52.37%, 16.49%, and 31.14% contributions to the surrounding agricultural soil. The present study provided systematic strategies of environment risk assessment and source apportionment, and can be referred for casual analysis and prevention strategies for farmland soil surrounding pharmaceutical manufacturing complex

Bright light suppresses form-deprivation myopia development through dopamine D1 receptor signaling related ON pathway activation

Purpose: To determine whether bright light (BL) inhibits form deprivation myopia (FDM) via the dopamine receptor D1 (D1R)-linked&nbsp; signaling pathway localized in specific retinal neuronal cell types in mice. Methods: D1R antagonist SCH39166 was daily intraperitoneally injected to evaluate if BL mediates declines in FDM development through D1R. Refraction changes were evaluated with an eccentric infrared photorefractor. Optical coherence tomography evaluated ocular axial components. Electroretinography monitored retinal function. c-Fos and p-TH (phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase) immunofluorescent staining evaluated D1R receptor activity and dopamine synthesis, respectively. Six different biomarkers of retinal neuronal types delineated di?erential distribution of D1R expression. Results: BL (2500-5000 lux) exposure for 4 weeks (6 hours per day) inhibited FDM development by reducing ocular elongation and shifting refraction towards hyperopia compared to that in normal light (NL, 100-200 lux ). SCH39166 injections completely reversed the inhibitory effects of BL on both refraction and ocular elongation. BL increased the number of cells expressing p-TH and c-fos expression in D1R+ BCs, especially in D1R+ON-BCs as well as horizontal cells (HCs). Conclusions: BL increases D1R activity in the bipolar cells (BC) of the ON pathway and HCs, which is associated with less myopic shift and ocular elongation than that occurring in NL. This di?erence suggests that BL-induced increase in the activity of D1R in the ON pathway contributes to the suppression of FDM development in mice.</p