Concordância entre classificação das queixas obtidas nas triagens e diagnóstico fonoaudiológico de crianças de 0-12 anos

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a concordância entre a classificação das queixas fonoaudiológicas encontradas na triagem com os resultados das avaliações específicas de cada área em uma clínica-escola de Fonoaudiologia no sul do Brasil. Métodos: estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, de corte transversal, a partir de dados secundários, coletados de 133 prontuários das crianças com idade até 12 anos. A classificação das queixas encontradas nas triagens foi comparada com os diagnósticos atribuídos após a avaliação. Foram classificados 3 grupos: Grupo 1 - totalmente em acordo: Quando houve queixas e diagnósticos idênticos em número e classificação; Grupo 2 - Parcialmente em desacordo: Queixas e diagnósticos iguais, mas havendo outros discordando em número ou em área da Fonoaudiologia; e Grupo 3 - Totalmente em desacordo: Quando houvesse discordância entre queixas e diagnósticos, em número e classificação. Resultados: a prevalência foi de 61% para o sexo masculino. A média de idade foi de sete anos e dois meses. Não houve diferença significante entre os valores dos grupos 1 e 2, 47,4% e 46,6% respectivamente. O grupo 3 teve apenas 6%. As queixas que mais foram relatadas na triagem foram classificadas em Motricidade Orofacial (34,9%), Fala (23,1%), Linguagem (13,4%) e Fonologia (8,6%). Os diagnósticos mais encontrados foram: Motricidade Orofacial (39,8%), Fonologia (20,4%), Linguagem (11,8%), Fala (6,5%). A classificação das queixas e diagnósticos que obtiveram maior concordância foram: Fonologia, Motricidade Orofacial, Disfluência e Linguagem. Apresentou maior discordância a queixa de voz. Conclusão: houve concordância entre os resultados da triagem e do diagnóstico, em número e área fonoaudiológica , sendo que a maior foi referente à classificação de queixas e diagnósticos em Motricidade Orofacial

RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials

Assessment of risk of bias is regarded as an essential component of a systematic review on the effects of an intervention. The most commonly used tool for randomised trials is the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. We updated the tool to respond to developments in understanding how bias arises in randomised trials, and to address user feedback on and limitations of the original tool

A transcriptomic analysis of gene expression in the venom gland of the snake Bothrops alternatus (urutu)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The genus <it>Bothrops </it>is widespread throughout Central and South America and is the principal cause of snakebite in these regions. Transcriptomic and proteomic studies have examined the venom composition of several species in this genus, but many others remain to be studied. In this work, we used a transcriptomic approach to examine the venom gland genes of <it>Bothrops alternatus</it>, a clinically important species found in southeastern and southern Brazil, Uruguay, northern Argentina and eastern Paraguay.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A cDNA library of 5,350 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was produced and assembled into 838 contigs and 4512 singletons. BLAST searches of relevant databases showed 30% hits and 70% no-hits, with toxin-related transcripts accounting for 23% and 78% of the total transcripts and hits, respectively. Gene ontology analysis identified non-toxin genes related to general metabolism, transcription and translation, processing and sorting, (polypeptide) degradation, structural functions and cell regulation. The major groups of toxin transcripts identified were metalloproteinases (81%), bradykinin-potentiating peptides/C-type natriuretic peptides (8.8%), phospholipases A₂(5.6%), serine proteinases (1.9%) and C-type lectins (1.5%). Metalloproteinases were almost exclusively type PIII proteins, with few type PII and no type PI proteins. Phospholipases A₂were essentially acidic; no basic PLA₂were detected. Minor toxin transcripts were related to L-amino acid oxidase, cysteine-rich secretory proteins, dipeptidylpeptidase IV, hyaluronidase, three-finger toxins and ohanin. Two non-toxic proteins, thioredoxin and double-specificity phosphatase Dusp6, showed high sequence identity to similar proteins from other snakes. In addition to the above features, single-nucleotide polymorphisms, microsatellites, transposable elements and inverted repeats that could contribute to toxin diversity were observed.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p><it>Bothrops alternatus </it>venom gland contains the major toxin classes described for other <it>Bothrops </it>venoms based on trancriptomic and proteomic studies. The predominance of type PIII metalloproteinases agrees with the well-known hemorrhagic activity of this venom, whereas the lower content of serine proteases and C-type lectins could contribute to less marked coagulopathy following envenoming by this species. The lack of basic PLA₂agrees with the lower myotoxicity of this venom compared to other <it>Bothrops </it>species with these toxins. Together, these results contribute to our understanding of the physiopathology of envenoming by this species.</p

Pathogen-Induced Proapoptotic Phenotype and High CD95 (Fas) Expression Accompany a Suboptimal CD8+ T-Cell Response: Reversal by Adenoviral Vaccine

MHC class Ia-restricted CD8+ T cells are important mediators of the adaptive immune response against infections caused by intracellular microorganisms. Whereas antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cells can clear infection caused by intracellular pathogens, in some circumstances, the immune response is suboptimal and the microorganisms survive, causing host death or chronic infection. Here, we explored the cellular and molecular mechanisms that could explain why CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity during infection with the human protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is not optimal. For that purpose, we compared the CD8+ T-cell mediated immune responses in mice infected with T. cruzi or vaccinated with a recombinant adenovirus expressing an immunodominant parasite antigen. Several functional and phenotypic characteristics of specific CD8+ T cells overlapped. Among few exceptions was an accelerated expansion of the immune response in adenoviral vaccinated mice when compared to infected ones. Also, there was an upregulated expression of the apoptotic-signaling receptor CD95 on the surface of specific T cells from infected mice, which was not observed in the case of adenoviral-vaccinated mice. Most importantly, adenoviral vaccine provided at the time of infection significantly reduced the upregulation of CD95 expression and the proapoptotic phenotype of pathogen-specific CD8+ cells expanded during infection. In parallel, infected adenovirus-vaccinated mice had a stronger CD8 T-cell mediated immune response and survived an otherwise lethal infection. We concluded that a suboptimal CD8+ T-cell response is associated with an upregulation of CD95 expression and a proapoptotic phenotype. Both can be blocked by adenoviral vaccination