Aspectos ultrassonográficos e citopatológicos das prostatopatias em 52 cães

Neste estudo foram avaliados 52 cães, machos, inteiros, de idades e raças diferentes, além de cães sem raça definida, apresentando sinais clínicos sugestivos de doença prostática. Todos os animais foram submetidos a exames ultrassonográfico e punção aspirativa da glândula prostática para avaliação citológica. A hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) foi a prostatopatia mais frequente, seguida pela hiperplasia prostática benigna cística, prostatite bacteriana, abscesso, cisto, adenocarcinoma, prostatite não bacteriana e cisto paraprostático. Depois dos cães sem raça definida, os da raça Poodle e Pastor alemão foram os que apresentaram maior frequência das afecções prostáticas. O exame ultrassonográfico permitiu a determinação das dimensões prostáticas, bem como a visibilização dos aspectos das enfermidades que acometem a glândula e foi efetivo na orientação da punção aspirativa. A avaliação citológica da glândula, principalmente quando associada às alterações das imagens ultrassonográficas, permitiu determinar o diagnóstico presuntivo da afecção

Bone Radiographic Changes in Slaughter Buffalos with Low Body Condition Index

Background: The largest buffalo herd in Brazil is located on the Island of Marajó, in the State of Pará, northern Brazil. The pastures of the Island of Marajó consist of low quality graminaceous plants, which are generally poor in protein and mineral content. Unbalanced diets associated with low quality pastures are responsible for latent, sub-clinical diseases and metabolic disorders in bovines which affect bone health, especially in periods such as pregnancy and lactation. The purpose of this study was to point out and to describe the radiographic bone changes of buffalos with low body index bred in extensive system and intended for slaughter on the Island of Marajó, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Radiographic examinations of anatomical pieces were obtained from 34 animals of buffalo species, with no distinction of gender, age, or breed. The animals were selected among those that were in the stockyard waiting for slaughtering for the obtainment of the anatomical pieces. For this selection, low physical condition was considered, which mainly included individuals with body condition indexes (ICC) of 1 and 2, on a scale of 1 to 5. From this selection, 98 anatomical pieces were obtained, which included: 28 sets of ribs, 20 femurs, 26 metacarpus, 7 mandibles, 3 radius and ulnas, 4 sets of vertebrae, 4 sets of metacarpus and phalanges, 1 tarsus and 1 set of tarsus and metatarsus. All the pieces were separated, identified, packed in plastic bag and forwarded to the radiographic study. At least one radiographic projection was obtained of each anatomical piece. These were identified, manually processed and stored for subsequent assessment. A single observer, in order to identify and to describe the bone radiographic changes, subjectively performed the radiographic assessment.Discussion: Bone changes were remarkable and in animals of this study, reinforcing the nutritional aspect as being of great importance for the perfect mineral homeostasis and for the osteoarticular system maintenance. Consistent radiographic findings with osteopenia are most often related to nutritional disorders that affect bone metabolism, mainly involving the homeostasis of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). The nutritional hyperparathyroidism, more commonly reported in dogs, cats and exotic animals is a common example of these affections, in which the bone radiopacity reduction is the most evident radiographic aspect. Copper (Cu) deficiency has been correlated with osteochondrosis, epiphyseal fracture of the femoral head and degenerative arthropathy of the hip joint, and erosion of the articular cartilage in a deer (Cervu selaphus). Degenerative arthropathy through radiographs was also found in this study. From the bone radiographic analysis, it is concluded that the osteodystrophic diseases of buffalos raised in pasture system on the Island of Marajó, Pará, Brazil, present a variety of pathological conditions and the most commonly found were: osteoporosis characterized at the radiographic examination for the bone decreased radiopacity, change in bone trabeculae (medullary expansion) and cortical thinning, followed by pathological fractures with high incidence in the ribs. The low body condition, the underdevelopment and cachexia states of the animals in this study indicate the lack of an appropriate prophylactic conduct and a proper feed management. Therefore, the low reserves of P and Cu in the organism may have contributed to the osteoporotic process and, possibly, also to the protein-energy deficit, leading to secondary bone changes and causing a lack of productivity in the herd

Experimental Gastric Carcinogenesis in Cebus apella Nonhuman Primates

The evolution of gastric carcinogenesis remains largely unknown. We established two gastric carcinogenesis models in New-World nonhuman primates. In the first model, ACP03 gastric cancer cell line was inoculated in 18 animals. In the second model, we treated 6 animals with N-methyl-nitrosourea (MNU). Animals with gastric cancer were also treated with Canova immunomodulator. Clinical, hematologic, and biochemical, including C-reactive protein, folic acid, and homocysteine, analyses were performed in this study. MYC expression and copy number was also evaluated. We observed that all animals inoculated with ACP03 developed gastric cancer on the 9th day though on the 14th day presented total tumor remission. In the second model, all animals developed pre-neoplastic lesions and five died of drug intoxication before the development of cancer. The last surviving MNU-treated animal developed intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma observed by endoscopy on the 940th day. The level of C-reactive protein level and homocysteine concentration increased while the level of folic acid decreased with the presence of tumors in ACP03-inoculated animals and MNU treatment. ACP03 inoculation also led to anemia and leukocytosis. The hematologic and biochemical results corroborate those observed in patients with gastric cancer, supporting that our in vivo models are potentially useful to study this neoplasia. In cell line inoculated animals, we detected MYC immunoreactivity, mRNA overexpression, and amplification, as previously observed in vitro. In MNU-treated animals, mRNA expression and MYC copy number increased during the sequential steps of intestinal-type gastric carcinogenesis and immunoreactivity was only observed in intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer. Thus, MYC deregulation supports the gastric carcinogenesis process. Canova immunomodulator restored several hematologic measurements and therefore, can be applied during/after chemotherapy to increase the tolerability and duration of anticancer treatments

Ultrasonographic and cytopathologic aspects of prostate disease in 52 dogs

This study evaluated 52 dogs, which were male, intact, varied in age, of pure or mixed breed, with clinical signs suggestive of prostatic disease. Each individual underwent an ultrasound examination and fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the prostate gland for cytological evaluation. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was the most frequent prostatic disease, followed by cystic benign prostatic hyperplasia, bacterial prostatitis, abscesses, cysts, adenocarcinoma, nonbacterial prostatitis and paraprostatic cysts. The highest frequencies of prostate disorder were found in mixed breeds, followed by poodles and German shepherds. Ultrasound examination allowed the determination of prostate size, as well as the visualization of the diseases affecting the gland, and was effective in guiding aspiration biopsy. The cytological evaluation of the gland, especially when associated with changes in ultrasound images, revealed the presumptive diagnosis of the condition

Experimental model of a bone gap by radial ostectomy in rabbits

A lot of experimental models have been used to study the process of a fracture’s consolidation, but the problem is that due to anatomic, biologic and technical differences, these models do not always have appropriate parameters for the exact species, for which the experiment was done. The rabbit is an experimental model that is widely used in studies involving bone physiopatology in the face of fractures and their different types of treatment, corresponding to approximately 35% of all the musculoskeletic system’s scientific studies. Several surgical techniques have been used on rabbit’s bone for experimental studies, and the partial ostectomy of the radius bone is one of them. In this study, 14 rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus familiaris), males, adults, of white New Zeland breed, neutered, with weight between three and four kilograms, were used. Clinically, the animals did not present any alterations that compromised the study. There were evaluated through radiographic exam on days zero, 30 and 60 after the surgery, visualizing the quality of the gap and the relevant alteration of bone proliferation. The histologic exam elucidated the neoformed bone architecture and its components. The efficacy of the techinique was proved and it could be reproduced for many purposes in orthopedic surgery

Sonographic Aspects of Splenic Torsion Due to Abdominal Eventration in a Dog

Background: The splenic torsion is a rare condition in dogs, especially when it is not associated with gastric dilatation and volvulus. Abdominal ultrasonography has been reported as an accurate diagnostic method in cases of splenic torsion suspicions. Splenomegaly, decreased echogenicity of the parenchyma of the spleen and hypoechoic appearance or “lace” are suggestive sonographic findings, although the definitive diagnosis is given through exploratory laparotomy. This study reports a case of splenic torsion followed by abdominal trauma and eventration in a dog, highlighting the importance of the ultrasound examination.Case: An adult dog without a defined breed pattern that weighed 8.6 kg was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Lavras (Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA) with a history of trauma caused by having been run over by a car 24 h earlier. The animal exhibited right inguinal region swelling with hematoma and a loss of local muscular tension. An abdominal ultrasound indicated that the spleen was displaced to the right inguinal region and that a portion of the spleen was included in the animal’s abdominal eventration. The spleen possessed an irregular surface with increased dimensions and diffusely decreased echogenicity and multiple parallel echogenic lines (in the reticular aspect). Abrupt differences in the echogenic textures of the spleen were identified in certain images. Color Doppler assessments revealed no blood flow. Based on the aforementioned ultrasound findings, an exploratory laparotomy was indicated. The laparotomy confirmed the presence of right inguinal abdominal muscle rupture with dislocation, eventration, and splenic torsion.Discussion: Splenic torsion may be most frequently reported in cases involving large and giant male dogs because this condition is typically related to dilatation syndrome and gastric volvulus, which are more prevalent among large and giant male dogs than among other dogs. Although these etiological factors should be considered, in the case examined in this study, the patient most likely suffered from splenic torsion caused by abdominal trauma, which resulted in the rupture of the gastrosplenic and splenocolic ligaments and the splenic vessels and thereby created circumstances conducive to splenic eventration and torsion. The sonographic features of splenic torsion in dogs include marked splenomegaly, a hypoechoic or diffuse anechogenic pattern that indicates the presence of vascular congestion, and sinusoidal dilatation separated by small linear echoes that represent dilated vessels. In cases of splenic torsion, two-dimensional ultrasonographic images may reveal an enlarged spleen with a hypoechoic echotexture and a hyperechoic triangle between the veins and the splenic parenchyma continuous to the hyperechoic mesentery. The sonographic findings observed in the patient examined in this study were similar to the findings described in the published literature and consistent with the results reported by the other authors. Although extensive literature reports have described the sonographic aspects of splenic torsion in dogs, this disease remains uncommon. Moreover, no prior reports have described splenic torsion secondary to concurrent abdominal trauma, displacement, and eventration; thus, the case examined in this study is unprecedented, and the ultrasonographic aspects observed in this case should be considered

Radiographic evaluation of cardiac silhouette using vertebral heart size method in squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)

Federal Rural University of Amazonia; State University of São PauloFederal Rural University of Amazônia. Institute for Animal Health and Production. Belém, PA, Brazil.State University of São Paulo Júlio de Mesquita Filho. School of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences. Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Centro Nacional de Primatas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Federal University of Lavras. Veterinary Medicine Departament. Lavras, MG, Brazil.Federal Rural University of Amazônia. Institute for Animal Health and Production. Belém, PA, Brazil.Federal Rural University of Amazônia. Institute for Animal Health and Production. Belém, PA, Brazil.Federal Rural University of Amazônia. Institute for Animal Health and Production. Belém, PA, Brazil.Background: The Saimiri sciureus represents a valuable resource for biomedical research, due to its large number on primate centers and similarity to human anatomy and physiology. The aim of this study was to apply the method proposed by Buchanan & Bücheler in healthy squirrel monkeys (S. sciureus) and determine by radiographic examination, the average value of the vertebral heart size (VHS) for the specie. Method: Laterolateral left (LLL), laterolateral right (LLR), ventrodorsal (VD), and dorsoventral (DV) projections were used for radiographic examinations to evaluate the heart silhouette of S. sciureus. Results: There was no statistical difference between the projections LLL and LLR, or VD and DV, and between males and females, so measurements in the four radiographic projections were not performed. Conclusion: The values obtained in VHS of S. sciureus showed up species specifi