大腸切除術における手術侵襲および術後機能の検討 : ロボット手術と腹腔鏡手術の比較

学位の種別: 課程博士審査委員会委員 : （主査）東京大学教授 本間 之行, 東京大学講師 保科 克行, 東京大学准教授 藤城 光弘, 東京大学講師 立石 敬介, 東京大学講師 伊地知 秀明University of Tokyo(東京大学

Relationships between the Use and Environment of an Unagi-nonedoko-like Green Space in Downtown Kyoto City

It is becoming necessary to consider the effective use of vacant lots that have developed due to the demolition of Kyo-machiya (traditional houses) in Kyoto. These long, narrow lots are called Unagi-no-nedoko (“beds of eel”). Their spatial characteristics might make them unsuitable as green spaces because there is the possibility of creating a dark, small, exclusive, and dangerous atmosphere. Thus, we investigated the influence of the environment of an Unagi–no-nedoko-like green space on user awareness and behavior. The results found that the inner area of the green space was as quiet as an indoor room and was recognized as a “relaxing” environment, which caused users to stay longer. Moreover, users found the whole area “large” and “open.” These findings demonstrate that the spatial characteristics of Unagi-no-nedoko do not necessarily make them uncomfortable as green spaces, and it is possible to use such lots as green spaces in downtown Kyoto

Preparation and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate/TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber hydrogel for dye removal

The composite hydrogel of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/sodium alginate (SA)/TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber (CNF) was prepared and employed as an effective adsorbent for dye removal. The effect of the weight ratio of incorporated SA and CNF components on the mechanical and dye removal properties of the hydrogel was examined in detail. While the PVA concentration and the SA + CNF concentration were maintained as constant (7.5 and 1.0 wt%, respectively), the weight ratios of SA:CNF were changed from 10:0 to 7:3. Cross-linking of PVA, SA, and CNF were carried out by using boric acid/borax and calcium chloride. The mechanical properties of prepared hydrogels were investigated by a compressive stress test and a durability test under severe agitation in a solution. The PVA/SA hydrogel with no CNF addition (the 10:0 hydrogel) showed the highest compressive strength, and the elastic modulus is approximately 40 times greater than the highest reported value of the conventional PVA hydrogel cross-linked by glutaraldehyde (GA). The hydrogel prepared with SA:CNF ratio of 9:1 (the 9:1 hydrogel) showed the second-highest elastic modulus. In terms of durability, the 9:1 hydrogel was the highest. While the breakage ratio of the 9:1 hydrogel under very severe agitation condition of 2750 rpm was essentially negligible, it was reported that the conventional PVA hydrogel crosslinked with sodium sulfate was completely broken. Even under 3000 rpm, only 12% of the beads were broken for the 9:1 hydrogel. Dye removal experiment was carried out by using methylene blue (MB) as a model dye. The result shows that the highest MB adsorption capacity of 243.9 mg g-1 was obtained for the 9:1 hydrogel. The value was 1.4 times higher than that of the highest reported value for the conventional PVA-based adsorbent. With superior mechanical and dye adsorption properties, the developed PVA/SA/CNF hydrogel can be considered as a potential alternative for dye removal

In Vivo Safety and Persistence of Endoribonuclease Gene-Transduced CD4+ T Cells in Cynomolgus Macaques for HIV-1 Gene Therapy Model

BACKGROUND: MazF is an endoribonuclease encoded by Escherichia coli that specifically cleaves the ACA sequence of mRNA. In our previous report, conditional expression of MazF in the HIV-1 LTR rendered CD4+ T lymphocytes resistant to HIV-1 replication. In this study, we examined the in vivo safety and persistence of MazF-transduced cynomolgus macaque CD4+ T cells infused into autologous monkeys. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The in vivo persistence of the gene-modified CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood was monitored for more than half a year using quantitative real-time PCR and flow cytometry, followed by experimental autopsy in order to examine the safety and distribution pattern of the infused cells in several organs. Although the levels of the MazF-transduced CD4+ T cells gradually decreased in the peripheral blood, they were clearly detected throughout the experimental period. Moreover, the infused cells were detected in the distal lymphoid tissues, such as several lymph nodes and the spleen. Histopathological analyses of tissues revealed that there were no lesions related to the infused gene modified cells. Antibodies against MazF were not detected. These data suggest the safety and the low immunogenicity of MazF-transduced CD4+ T cells. Finally, gene modified cells harvested from the monkey more than half a year post-infusion suppressed the replication of SHIV 89.6P. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The long-term persistence, safety and continuous HIV replication resistance of the mazF gene-modified CD4+ T cells in the non-human primate model suggests that autologous transplantation of mazF gene-modified cells is an attractive strategy for HIV gene therapy

Morphologic change of Yoshida sarcoma cells and coelothelioma cells after exposing to the cell toxin from X-ray-irradiated animal

The unsaturated fatty acid fraction extracted from the liver of rabbit irradiated with X-rays exerts a strong cytotoxic effect on human coelothelioma cells and Yoshida sarcoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. The cell damage seems to initiate at the nucleus, finally leading to the complete cytolysis. The inhibiting effect of this substance on the mitosis of Yoshida sarcoma cells can be observed, especially marked from prophase up to metaphase giving almost the same results obtained after X-ray irradiation. From these results and the observations reported by several authors on the cell damage by X-ray irradiation, weshould call special attention to the fact that the essential mechanism of X-ray irradiation can be attributed to the cell toxin produced after the irradiation.</p

Characterizing the Historical Changes in Land Use and Landscape Spatial Pattern on the Oguraike Floodplain after the Meiji Period

Research on change in land use and landscape pattern is the foundation for studies exploring natural and cultural landscape of a region. This study used GIS software and utilized topographic maps to examine the changes that occurred in the Oguraike floodplain, during the time points of 1888, 1909, 1961, and 2002. The Oguraike floodplain, which was dominated by the landscape of Oguraike Pond and paddy fields in 1888, was dominated by the landscape of urban areas and paddy fields in 2002. Moreover, urban areas, cropland, paddy fields, and grasslands have become concentrated into larger patches, whilst the water bodies have become more fragmented. Overall, there has been a reduction in landscape diversity on the floodplain

The Japan Monkey Centre Primates Brain Imaging Repository for comparative neuroscience: an archive of digital records including records for endangered species

Advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computational analysis technology have enabled comparisons among various primate brains in a three-dimensional electronic format. Results from comparative studies provide information about common features across primates and species-specific features of neuroanatomy. Investigation of various species of non-human primates is important for understanding such features, but the majority of comparative MRI studies have been based on experimental primates, such as common marmoset, macaques, and chimpanzee. A major obstacle has been the lack of a database that includes non-experimental primates’ brain MRIs. To facilitate scientific discoveries in the field of comparative neuroanatomy and brain evolution, we launched a collaborative project to develop an open-resource repository of non-human primate brain images obtained using ex vivo MRI. As an initial open resource, here we release a collection of structural MRI and diffusion tensor images obtained from 12 species: pygmy marmoset, owl monkey, white-fronted capuchin, crab-eating macaque, Japanese macaque, bonnet macaque, toque macaque, Sykes’ monkey, red-tailed monkey, Schmidt’s guenon, de Brazza’s guenon, and lar gibbon. Sixteen postmortem brain samples from the 12 species, stored in the Japan Monkey Centre (JMC), were scanned using a 9.4-T MRI scanner and made available through the JMC collaborative research program (http://www.j-monkey.jp/BIR/index_e.html). The expected significant contributions of the JMC Primates Brain Imaging Repository include (1) resources for comparative neuroscience research, (2) preservation of various primate brains, including those of endangered species, in a permanent digital form, (3) resources with higher resolution for identifying neuroanatomical features, compared to previous MRI atlases, (4) resources for optimizing methods of scanning large fixed brains, and (5) references for veterinary neuroradiology. User-initiated research projects beyond these contributions are also anticipated

Usefulness of intraoperative diagnosis of hepatic tumors located at the liver surface and hepatic segmental visualization using indocyanine green-photodynamic eye imaging

Background To improve the diagnostic accuracy for hepatic tumors on the liver surface, we investigated the usefulness of an indocyanine green-photodynamic eye (ICG-PDE) system by comparison with Sonazoid intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) in 117 patients. Hepatic segmentation by ICG-PDE was also evaluated. Methods ICG was administered preoperatively for functional testing and images of the tumor were observed during hepatectomy using a PDE camera. ICG was injected into portal veins to determine hepatic segmentation. Results Accurate diagnosis of liver tumors was achieved with ICG-PDE in 75% of patients, lower than with IOUS (94%). False-positive and false-negative diagnosis rates for ICG-PDE were 24% and 9%, respectively. New small HCCs were detected in 3 patients. The ICG fluorescent pattern in tumors was strong staining in 41%, weak staining in 13%, rim staining in 20% and no staining in 26%. Hepatocellular carcinoma predominantly showed strong staining (61%), while rim staining predominated in cholangiocellular carcinoma (60%) and liver metastasis (55%). Hepatic segmental staining was performed in 28 patients, proving successful in 89%. Conclusion ICG-PDE is a useful tool for detecting the precise tumor location at the liver surface, identifying new small tumors, and determining liver segmentation for liver resection