Corrección de dismetría femoral severa en el adulto mediante alargamiento y acortamiento contralateral: A propósito de un caso

Se presenta un caso de acortamiento femoral de 8 cm secundario a consolidación viciosa de fractura multifragmentaria femoral en un varón de 40 años. Debido a la edad del paciente y la magnitud de la dismetría, se decidió su corrección mediante un alargamiento progresivo de 4 cm del fémur corto y, en segundo tiempo, acortamiento inmediato de 4 cm del fémur largo mediante extirpación de un cilindro óseo que se implantó en la zona de distracción del fémur alargado. De esta manera se consiguió una corrección satisfactoria de la dismetría sin complicaciones reseñables. A pesar de la pérdida de estatura, pensamos que esta técnica debe ser considerada en casos puntuales de severa dismetría de extremidades inferior en el adulto.A case of 8-cm femoral shortening secondary to malunion of a multifragmented diaphyseal femoral fracture in 40 years old man is presented. Based on the age of the patients and the magnitude of the leg length discrepancy, treatment consisted of a first stage correction through progressive 4-cm lengthening of the shortened femur. In a second stage, shortening of the contralateral femur was performed by removal of a 4-cm diaphyseal bone cylinder that was implanted in the distraction area of the lengthened femur. The length discrepancy was corrected without complication. Although this technique implies a decrease of height, the method is suitable for selected cases of leg inequality affecting adults

Probabilistic values for bicooperative games

The present paper develops some general conditions under which we analize the bicooperative games introduced by Bilbao (2000). We define the probabilistic values for these games and observe in detail the axioms that characterize such values. Following the work of Weber (1988), these axioms are sequentially introduced observing how they have repercussions on the probabilistic value expression. Also, we introduce the compatible-order values and show the relationship between these values and the efficiency values such that their components are probabilistic values.Bicooperative games, Probabilistic values, Compatible-order values

The Shapley value for bicooperative games

The aim of the present paper is to study a one-point solution concept for bicooperative games. For these games introduced by Bilbao (2000), we define a one-point solution called the Shapley value, since this value can be interpreted in a similar way to the classical Shapley value for cooperative games. The main result of the paper is an axiomatic characterization of this value.Bicooperative games, Shapley value.

The power of an elector in the Spanish parliament: A study compared with power indices

The main goal of this article is to study, from a game theory perspective, the composition of the Spanish Parliament according to Article 68 of the Spanish Constitution, although the proposed model is applicable to the reduction of other representation chambers. It even allows for the sporadic design of the chamber in periods of crisis such as those we are currently experiencing. We use power indices to analyze feasible allocations of seats among the circumscriptions, modify- ing the size of the Parliament and considering different minimum initial numbers of seats per province. We propose two modifications of the composition following the cubic root rule of the de jure population. Finally, we compare the results of the general elections of December 2015 and June 2016 for the election of the members of the Congress of Deputies (Spanish Parliament) with the current system, which distributes a total number of 350 deputies among the provinces, with an initial minimum of two deputies (system 350/2), with another distribution system that distributed 360 deputies with an initial minimum of one deputy per province (system 360/1)

El poder de las naciones en la Unión Europea

En este trabajo se definen algoritmos, basados en funciones generatrices, para calcular el índice de poder de Banzhaf en juegos simples de votación ponderada y en juegos de doble y triple mayoría. La utilización de funciones generatrices permite un cálculo exacto del índice de Banzhaf con una reducción sensible de la complejidad temporal. Además se calculan los índices de Banzhaf para las reglas de decisión, aprobadas en la cumbre de Niza, que se utilizan en la Unión Europea ampliada a 25 países. Finalmente, se demuestra que los sistemas de triple mayoría adoptados son equivalentes en la práctica a juegos de mayoría simple o doble, porque la cuota de población exigida para aprobar una decisión no cambia el índice de Banzhaf de los países de la Unión Europea ampliada.Juegos de votación; índice de Banzhaf; Unión Europea

Tension in secretory granule membranes causes extensive membrane transfer through the exocytotic fusion pore

or fusion to occur the repulsive forces between two interacting phospholipid bilayers must be reduced. In model systems, this can be achieved by increasing the surface tension of at least one of the membranes. However, there has so far been no evidence that the secretory granule membrane is under tension. We have been studying exocytosis by using the patch-clamp technique to measure the surface area of the plasma membrane of degranulating mast cells. When a secretory granule fuses with the plasma membrane there is a step increase in the cell surface area. Some fusion events are reversible, in which case we have found that the backstep is larger than the initial step, indicating that there is a net decrease in the area of the plasma membrane. The decrease has the following properties: (i) the magnitude is strongly dependent on the lifetime of the fusion event and can be extensive, representing as much as 40% of the initial granule surface area; (ii) the rate of decrease is independent of granule size; and (iii) the decrease is not dependent on swelling of the secretory granule matrix. We conclude that the granule membrane is under tension and that this tension causes a net transfer of membrane from the plasma membrane to the secretory granule, while they are connected by the fusion pore. The high membrane tension in the secretory granule may be the critical stress necessary for bringing about exocytotic fusion.National Institutes of Health GM-3885

Theoretical simulation of the anisotropic phases of antiferromagnetic thin films

We simulate antiferromagnetic thin films. Dipole-dipole and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions as well as uniaxial and quadrupolar anisotropies are taken into account. Various phases unfold as the corresponding parameters, J, D and C, as well as the temperature T and the number n of film layers vary. We find (1) how the strength Delta_m of the anisotropy arising from dipole-dipole interactions varies with the number of layers m away from the film's surface, with J and with n; (2) a unified phase diagram for all n-layer films and bulk systems; (3) a layer dependent spin reorientation (SR) phase in which spins rotate continuously as T, D, C and n vary; (4) that the ratio of the SR to the ordering temperature depends (approximately) on n only through (D+Delta/n)/C, and hardly on J; (5) a phase transformation between two different magnetic orderings, in which spin orientations may or may not change, for some values of J, by varying n.Comment: 10 LaTeX pages, 13 eps figures. Submitted to PRB on 30 June 2006. Accepted on 10 October 200

The cg-average tree value for games on cycle-free fuzzy communication structures

The main goal in a cooperative game is to obtain a fair allocation of the profit due the cooperation of the involved agents. The most known of these allocations is the Shapley value. This allocation considers that the communication among the players is complete. The Myerson value is a modification of the Shapley value considering a communication structure which determines the feasible bilateral relationships among the agents. This allocation of the profit is not always a stable solution. Another payoff allocation for games with a communication structure from the definition of the Shapley value is the average tree value. This one is a stable solution for any game using a cycle-free communication structure. Later fuzzy communication structures were introduced. In a fuzzy communication structure, the membership of the agents and the relationships among them are leveled. The Myerson value was extended in several different ways depending on the behavior of the agents. In this paper, the average tree value is extended to games with fuzzy communication structures taking one particular version: the Choquet by graphs (cg). We present an application to the management of an electrical network with an algorithmic implementation.Spanish Ministry of Education and Science MTM2017-83455-PAndalusian Government FQM23

Cost-allocation problems for fuzzy agents in a fixed-tree network

Cost-allocation problems in a fixed network are concerned with distributing the costs for use by a group of clients who cooperate in order to reduce such costs. We work only with tree networks and we assume that a minimum cost spanning tree network has already been constructed and now we are interested in the maintenance costs. The classic problem supposes that each agent stays for the entire time in the same node of the network. This paper introduces cost-allocation problems in a fixed-tree network with a set of agents whose activity over the nodes is fuzzy. Agent’s needs to pay for each period of time may differ. Moreover, the agents do not always remain in the same node for each period. We propose the extension of a very well-known solution for these problems: Bird’s rule.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad MTM2017-83455-PJunta de Andalucía FQM23

Thermohaline evolution of the Western Mediterranean Deep Waters since 2005: diffusive stages and interannual renewal injections

A large production of anomalous dense water in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea during winter 2005 led to a widespread abrupt shift in Western Mediterranean deep waters characteristics. This new configuration, the so-called Western Mediterranean Transition (WMT), involved a complex thermohaline structure that was tracked over time through a deep hydrographic station located NE of Minorca Island, sampled 37 times between 2004 and 2017. In this study, the thermohaline evolution of the WMT signal is analyzed in detail. Using a 1-D diffusion model sensitive to double-diffusive mixing phenomena, the contribution to the heat and salt budgets of the deep Western Mediterranean in terms of ventilation and diffusive transference from the intermediate layers above is disentangled. Results show distinct stages in the evolution of the deep waters, driven by background diffusion and intermittent injections of new waters. The progression of a multilayered structure in the deep ocean is well represented through existing parameterizations of salt fingering and diffusive layering processes and makes it possible to infer an independent estimate of regional background diffusivity consistent with current knowledge. Overall, the deep layers of the Western Mediterranean underwent substantial warming (0.059 °C) and salt increase (0.021) between 2004 and 2017, mostly dominated by injections of dense waters in the 2005–2006 and 2011–2013 periods. Thus, within the WMT period, heat uptake rate in the deep Western Mediterranean was substantially higher than that of the intermediate levels in the global ocean.CTM2014‐54374‐R / BES‐2015‐074316Versión del editor3,17