Do bocado ao pastoreio de precisão: compreendendo a interface plantaanimal para explorar a multi-funcionalidade das pastagens From the bite to precision grazing: understanding the plant-animal interface to exploit the multi-functionality of grasslands

A pecuária de precisão diz respeito a inovações tecnológicas que monitoram o animal no seu ambiente pastoril. O comportamento ingestivo do animal é a base do conhecimento necessário para proceder às ações de manejo decorrentes do monitoramento dos animais e da vegetação. Como serão utilizadas as informações geradas pelas tecnologias ainda é uma incógnita. Na agricultura de precisão, a prerrogativa tem sido corrigir a variabilidade e padronizar a produção em patamares maximizados. É discutido que a mesma lógica, aplicada a pecuária, pode acentuar incorreções clássicas no manejo do pastejo. Não obstante, se a pecuária de precisão vier para ajudar a integrar a heterogeneidade na condução dos animais nos pastos, então podemos estar diante de uma poderosa ferramenta para responder aos novos paradigmas da multifuncionalidade das pastagens. Este artigo discute este contexto, e traz o bocado como a unidade básica do processo a ser monitorado. Alguns equipamentos e suas aplicações no monitoramento do uso de sítios e da dinâmica espaço-temporal dos bocados são apresentados. Conclui-se exemplificando como criar ambientes pastoris com bocados de precisão, e como construir estruturas de pasto para alocar bocados.Precision livestock involves innovative technologies to monitor the animal within its pastoral environment. Understanding ingestive behaviour is fundamental to management decisions based upon animal and vegetation monitoring. The way such information can be used is not yet clear. In precision agriculture, the governing principle has been to correct or manage variability so as to homogenise yield at maximized levels. If the same reasoning is applied in livestock production, it can foster classical mistakes in grazing management. However, if precision livestock production can help integrate heterogeneity in managing animals on pasture, then we have a powerful new tool for responding to the new paradigms involving the multi-functionality of grasslands. This paper discusses this concept, and presents the bite as the basic unit of the process to be monitored. A few types of equipment and their application in monitoring site use and the spatial-temporal dynamics of animal biting are presented. The discussion concludes with how to build pastoral environments with precision bite management, and how to create sward structures to influence the temporal and spatial dynamics of animal biting

Land-use intensification trends in the Rio de la Plata region of South America: Toward specialization or recoupling crop and livestock production

The Rio de la Plata region comprises central Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil. Modern agriculture developed around 1900 with recent decades being characterized by the advance of cropping areas over native grasslands. Highly specialized agriculture has decoupled crop and livestock production but has succeeded in intensifying yields. However, significant losses of ecosystem services have been reported. Thus, questions have been raised on the sustainability of this pathway. A glance at world regions that have experienced similar trends suggests that an urgent course correction is needed. A major concern has been the lack of diversity in regions with highly specialized agriculture, promoting renewed interest in integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS), not only because ICLS are more diverse than specialized systems, but also because they are rare examples of reconciliation between agroecosystem intensification and environmental quality. Consequently, this paper discusses alternatives to redesign multifunctional landscapes based on ICLS. Recent data provide evidence that recoupling crop and animal production increases the resilience of nutrient cycling functions and economic indicators to external stressors, enabling these systems to face climate-market uncertainty and reconcile food production with the provision of diverse ecosystem services. Finally, these concepts are exemplified in case studies where this perspective has been successfully applied.Fil: De Faccio Carvalho, Paulo Cesar. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Savian, Jean Víctor. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria ? Inia Uruguay; UruguayFil: Della Chiesa, Tomás. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: De Souza Filho, William. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Terra, Jose Alfredo. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria. Inia; UruguayFil: Pinto, Priscila. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Posselt Martins, Amanda. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Villarino, Sebastián Horacio. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Da Trindade, Julio Kuhn. Livestock and Rural Development of Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: De Albuquerque Nunes, Pedro Arthur. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Piñeiro, Gervasio. Universidad de la Republica; Urugua