Cardiometabolic parameters in high intensity interval training in overweight or obese people: a bibliographic review

Objective. The purpose of the present review was to know the situation in regard to how different cardiometabolic parameters and/or cardiometabolic health markers are influenced in overweight or obese people when a high-intensity interval training programme is applied. Methods. A bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed database. A total of 93 articles were analyzed and after inclusion a exclusion criteria application it were reduced to 12 the useful articles. Results. There is a maintenance or significant decrease in body mass index (2.1±0.3%), body mass (3.3%, ≈2%), fat mass (≈2%), and waist circumference. The effects on lipid values are varied between articles, certains significant decreases have occurred in some articles when we look cholesterol (32.4±5.2mg/dl), low-density lipoprotein (25.8±16.5mg/dl) and tryglicerides (22.9±3.4mg/dl), however other studies show that there are not changes in these parameters or even a slight increase after the intervention is observed. Some articles show a reduction on glucose (1.1±0.11mmol/l), diastolic and systolic blood pressure. Oxygen consumption peak suffers a significative increasing in the majority of studies analyzed(27.7±4.4%, 22.3±3.5%, 9.1%, 7.9%, 7.9%). Conclusions. High-intensity interval training allows improvements in: waist circunference, insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, lipid profile and peak of oxygen consumption. It also could control body weight and reduce fat mass. However, it is not clear that it could be effective for the modification of lipid values due to the controversy in the results

Weak genetic differentiation but strong climate-induced selective pressure toward the rear edge of mountain pine in north-eastern Spain

Local differentiation at distribution limits may influence species' adaptive capacity to environmental changes. However, drivers, such gene flow and local selection, are still poorly understood. We focus on the role played by range limits in mountain forests to test the hypothesis that relict tree populations are subjected to genetic differentiation and local adaptation. Two alpine treelines of mountain pine (Pinus uncinata Ram. ex DC) were investigated in the Spanish Pyrenees. Further, an isolated relict population forming the species' southernmost distribution limit in north-eastern Spain was also investigated. Using genotyping by sequencing, a genetic matrix conformed by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was obtained. This matrix was used to perform genotype-environment and genotype-phenotype associations, as well as to model risk of non-adaptedness. Increasing climate seasonality appears as an essential element in the interpretation of SNPs subjected to selective pressures. Genetic differentiations were overall weak. The differences in leaf mass area and radial growth rate, as well as the identification of several SNPs subjected to selective pressures, exceeded neutral predictions of differentiation among populations. Despite genetic drift might prevail in the isolated population, the Fst values (0.060 and 0.066) showed a moderate genetic drift and Nm values (3.939 and 3.555) indicate the presence of gene flow between the relict population and both treelines. Nonetheless, the SNPs subjected to selection pressures provide evidences of possible selection in treeline ecotones. Persistence in range boundaries seems to involve several selective pressures in species' traits, which were significantly related to enhanced drought seasonality at the limit of P. uncinata distribution range. We conclude that gene flow is unlikely to constrain adaptation in the P. uncinata rear edge, although this species shows vulnerability to future climate change scenarios involving warmer and drier conditions

On the physical properties of mixtures of nitrate salts and protic ionic liquids

We report a systematic study of the effect of salt concentration and its cation valence on several equilibrium and transport properties of mixtures of the model protic ionic liquid ethylammonium nitrate with monovalent (LiNO3), divalent (Mg(NO3)2 and Ca(NO3)2), and trivalent (Al(NO3)3) salts. These properties, determined by appropriate experimental techniques, include density, sound velocity, refractive index, surface tension, conductivity and viscosity. Single-particle dynamics and radial distribution functions were also analyzed by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The temperature dependence of the conductivity was studied in the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann framework, and we obtained effective activation energies, fragility indexes, and Vogel temperatures. In addition, we performed a high-temperature Arrhenius analysis and we calculated the activation energies of both conductivity and viscosity. Finally, the exponents of the fractional Walden rule for the different mixtures were obtained and the ionicities and fragilities of the systems were analyzed, proving that all the mixtures are subionic and fragile. The distortion of the network of hydrogen bonds characteristic of protic ionic liquids and the formation of long-lived anionic aggregates composed of the cations of the added salt and the nitrate anions in their first solvation shell were found to have a deep impact on the analyzed properties. The role of the surface charge density of the salt cations on the structure and transport properties of the solutions is detailedly analyzed and related to solvation of salt species in the polar nanoregions of the ionic liquid (nanostructured solvation)The financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Projects MAT2017-89239-C2-1-P and MAT2017-89239- C2-2-P) is gratefully acknowledged. Moreover, this work was funded by the Xunta de Galicia (ED431D 2017/06, ED431E 2018/08, GRC ED431C 2016/001 and GRC ED431C 2020/10). All these research projects were partially supported by FEDER. P. V. thanks the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for his FPI grant (PRE2018-084212). T.M.-M. thanks the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for her Juan de la Cierva grant (IJC2018-036774-I).J. J. Parajó thanks the funding support of I2C postdoctoral program of Xunta de Galicia. Y. A. thanks the funding support from postdoctoral Program of Xunta de Galicia (ED481B-2021-027)S

Gestión del conocimiento: perspectiva multidisciplinaria. Volumen 11

El libro “Gestión del Conocimiento. Perspectiva Multidisciplinaria”, Volumen 11, de la Colección Unión Global, es resultado de investigaciones. Los capítulos del libro, son resultados de investigaciones desarrolladas por sus autores. El libro cuenta con el apoyo de los grupos de investigación: Universidad Sur del Lago “Jesús María Semprúm” (UNESUR), Zulia – Venezuela; Universidad Politécnica Territorial de Falcón Alonso Gamero (UPTAG), Falcón – Venezuela; Universidad Politécnica Territorial de Mérida Kleber Ramírez (UPTM), Mérida – Venezuela; Universidad Guanajuato (UG) - Campus Celaya - Salvatierra - Cuerpo Académico de Biodesarrollo y Bioeconomía en las Organizaciones y Políticas Públicas (C.A.B.B.O.P.P), Guanajuato – México; Centro de Altos Estudios de Venezuela (CEALEVE), Zulia – Venezuela, Centro Integral de Formación Educativa Especializada del Sur (CIFE - SUR) - Zulia - Venezuela, Centro de Investigaciones Internacionales SAS (CIN), Antioquia - Colombia.y diferentes grupos de investigación del ámbito nacional e internacional que hoy se unen para estrechar vínculos investigativos, para que sus aportes científicos formen parte de los libros que se publiquen en formatos digital e impreso

Evolution of previous ideas about chemical reactions of 6th degree Primary Education students after the realization of a didactic intervention

En el presente trabajo se expone el estudio realizado con el objetivo de conocer cómo evolucionan las ideas previas o concepciones alternativas de los alumnos de sexto curso de Educación Primaria tras la realización de una intervención didáctica. Para ello se han detectado inicialmente, a través de un cuestionario inicial especialmente diseñado para esto, cuáles son estas ideas previas que poseen los alumnos con respecto a las reacciones químicas. Posteriormente, se ha diseñado y llevado a cabo una intervención didáctica dirigida a actuar sobre las concepciones alternativas detectadas. Por último, se ha utilizado un cuestionario final para evaluar la efectividad de la intervención didáctica para promover el cambio conceptual en los alumnos. Los resultados confirman que en general la intervención produjo un cambio significativo en las ideas previas iniciales de los alumnos. A su vez, se han comparado las emociones de los alumnos respecto a las clases habituales de Ciencias de la Naturaleza frente a las que han sentido durante la intervención práctica.In the present work the study is exposed with the objective of knowing how the previous ideas or alternative conceptions of the sixth grade Primary Education students evolve after the realization of a didactic intervention. To do this, they have initially detected, through an initial questionnaire specially designed for this, which are these previous ideas that students have regarding chemical reactions. Subsequently, a didactic intervention aimed at acting on the alternative conceptions detected has been designed and carried out. Finally, a final questionnaire has been used to evaluate the effectiveness of the didactic intervention to promote conceptual change in students. The results confirm that, in general, the intervention produced a significant change in the initial ideas of the students. At the same time, the emotions of the students have been compared to the usual classes of Nature Sciences compared to those they have felt during the practical intervention.Grado en Educación Primaria. Universidad de Extremadur

Evolución de las ideas previas sobre reacciones químicas de alumnos de 6º curso de educación primaria tras la realización de una intervención didáctica

Resumen basado en el de la publicaciónResumen en inglésSe expone el estudio realizado con el objetivo de conocer cómo evolucionan las ideas previas o concepciones alternativas de los alumnos de sexto curso de educación primaria tras la realización de una intervención didáctica. Para ello se han detectado inicialmente, a través de un cuestionario inicial especialmente diseñado para ello, cuáles son estas ideas previas que poseen los alumnos con respecto a las reacciones químicas. Posteriormente, se diseñó y llevó a cabo una intervención didáctica dirigida a actuar sobre las concepciones alternativas detectadas. Por último, se utilizó un cuestionario final para evaluar la efectividad de la intervención didáctica para promover el cambio conceptual en los alumnos. Los resultados confirman que en general la intervención produjo un cambio significativo en las ideas previas iniciales de los alumnos. A su vez, se han comparado las emociones de los alumnos respecto a las clases habituales de Ciencias de la Naturaleza frente a las que han sentido durante la intervención prácticaExtremaduraES

Evolution of previous ideas about chemical reactions of 6th degree Primary Education students after the realization of a didactic intervention

En el presente trabajo se expone el estudio realizado con el objetivo de conocer cómo evolucionan las ideas previas o concepciones alternativas de los alumnos de sexto curso de Educación Primaria tras la realización de una intervención didáctica. Para ello se han detectado inicialmente, a través de un cuestionario inicial especialmente diseñado para esto, cuáles son estas ideas previas que poseen los alumnos con respecto a las reacciones químicas. Posteriormente, se ha diseñado y llevado a cabo una intervención didáctica dirigida a actuar sobre las concepciones alternativas detectadas. Por último, se ha utilizado un cuestionario final para evaluar la efectividad de la intervención didáctica para promover el cambio conceptual en los alumnos. Los resultados confirman que en general la intervención produjo un cambio significativo en las ideas previas iniciales de los alumnos. A su vez, se han comparado las emociones de los alumnos respecto a las clases habituales de Ciencias de la Naturaleza frente a las que han sentido durante la intervención práctica.In the present work the study is exposed with the objective of knowing how the previous ideas or alternative conceptions of the sixth grade Primary Education students evolve after the realization of a didactic intervention. To do this, they have initially detected, through an initial questionnaire specially designed for this, which are these previous ideas that students have regarding chemical reactions. Subsequently, a didactic intervention aimed at acting on the alternative conceptions detected has been designed and carried out. Finally, a final questionnaire has been used to evaluate the effectiveness of the didactic intervention to promote conceptual change in students. The results confirm that, in general, the intervention produced a significant change in the initial ideas of the students. At the same time, the emotions of the students have been compared to the usual classes of Nature Sciences compared to those they have felt during the practical intervention.Grado en Educación Primaria. Universidad de Extremadur

Mechanical vibration does not systematically reduce the tremor in essential tremor patients

Essential tremor (ET) is a major cause of disability and is not efectively managed in half of the patients. We investigated whether mechanical vibration could reduce tremor in ET by selectively recruiting aferent pathways. We used piezoelectric actuators to deliver vibratory stimuli to the hand and forearm during long trials (4min), while we monitored the tremor using inertial sensors. We analyzed the efect of four stimulation strategies, including diferent constant and variable vibration frequencies, in 18 ET patients. Although there was not a clear homogeneous response to vibration across patients and strategies, in most cases (50–72%) mechanical vibration was associated with an increase in the amplitude of their tremor. In contrast, the tremor was reduced in 5–22% of the patients, depending on the strategy. However, these results are hard to interpret given the intrinsic variability of the tremor: during equally long trials without vibration, the tremor changed signifcantly in 67% of the patients (increased in 45%; decreased in 22%). We conclude that mechanical vibration of the limb does not have a systematic efect on tremor in ET. Moreover, the observed intrinsic variability of the tremor should be taken into account when designing future experiments to assess tremor in ET and how it responds to any intervention.Tis work was funded by the projects ESSENTIAL (DPI2015-72638-EXP) and NeuroMOD (DPI2015-68664-C4-1-R), fnanced by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, and by RoboCity2030- DIH-CM, Madrid Robotics Digital Innovation Hub, S2018/NMT-4331, funded by “Programas de Actividades I+D en la Comunidad de Madrid” and cofunded by Structural Funds of the EU. Julio S. Lora-Millan was in receipt of a Training Program for Academic Staf fellowship (FPU16/01313) by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of the Government of Spain. Juan A. Gallego received funding from the EU Commission (FP7- PEOPLE-2013-IOF-627384) and from the Community of Madrid (Atracción de Talento Grant 2017-T2/TIC5263).Peer reviewe

The effect of alkyl chain length on the structure and thermodynamics of protic–aprotic ionic liquid mixtures: a molecular dynamics study

International audienceMixtures of alkylammonium based protic ionic liquids and alkylmethylimidazolium based aprotic ionic liquids were studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations. Close to ideal mixing is observed in most studied magnitudes; however, the effect of increasing alkyl chain length in each of the cations is markedly different, with longer protic cations showing larger deviations, especially with regards to mixing enthalpy, which exhibits a strong compound forming tendency. The compound forming nature of these protic ionic liquids is shown to induce sharp changes in their local environment upon mixing

Weak genetic differentiation but strong climate-induced selective pressure toward the rear edge of mountain pine in north-eastern Spain

Local differentiation at distribution limits may influence species' adaptive capacity to environmental changes. However, drivers, such gene flow and local selection, are still poorly understood. We focus on the role played by range limits in mountain forests to test the hypothesis that relict tree populations are subjected to genetic differentiation and local adaptation. Two alpine treelines of mountain pine (Pinus uncinata Ram. ex DC) were investigated in the Spanish Pyrenees. Further, an isolated relict population forming the species' southernmost distribution limit in north-eastern Spain was also investigated. Using genotyping by sequencing, a genetic matrix conformed by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was obtained. This matrix was used to perform genotype-environment and genotype-phenotype associations, as well as to model risk of non-adaptedness. Increasing climate seasonality appears as an essential element in the interpretation of SNPs subjected to selective pressures. Genetic differentiations were overall weak. The differences in leaf mass area and radial growth rate, as well as the identification of several SNPs subjected to selective pressures, exceeded neutral predictions of differentiation among populations. Despite genetic drift might prevail in the isolated population, the Fst values (0.060 and 0.066) showed a moderate genetic drift and Nm values (3.939 and 3.555) indicate the presence of gene flow between the relict population and both treelines. Nonetheless, the SNPs subjected to selection pressures provide evidences of possible selection in treeline ecotones. Persistence in range boundaries seems to involve several selective pressures in species' traits, which were significantly related to enhanced drought seasonality at the limit of P. uncinata distribution range. We conclude that gene flow is unlikely to constrain adaptation in the P. uncinata rear edge, although this species shows vulnerability to future climate change scenarios involving warmer and drier conditions.Belén Méndez-Cea is recipient of a UCM Santander predoctoral fellowship (CT42/18-CT43/18), Isabel García-García is recipient of a predoctoral fellowship (FPU18/01153). This research was funded by projects LMP242_18 (Gobierno de Aragón, co-financed by FEDER European Funds), FORMAL (ref. RTI2018–096884-B-C31; Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities) and the project “CLU-2019–05 – IRNASA/CSIC Unit of Excellence”, funded by the Junta de Castilla y León and co-financed by the European Union (ERDF “Europe drives our growth”).Peer reviewe