Revisión del concepto clase política y análogos en la historia del departamento de Caldas

Objective: Review article that seeks to identify the theoretical developments of the concept of political class and its analogues; in addition, it is about capturing the differences of these concepts to show the transformations of the political class in Caldas. Methodology: a qualitative meta-analysis of the findings was applied, which were derived from the documentary search around the aforementioned key concepts, based on certain categories and analysis criteria. Results: a definition of political class was reached, understood as a group of individuals who have an organic relationship with politics and direct interests placed in it; this, regardless of whether or not they hold public office, although they do hold political power, such as the possibility of making decisions that affect members of the public sphere. With this categorization, an analysis was made of the uses of these concepts in Colombia and Caldas. There the continuities and transformations of its political class are shown from the Antioquia Colonization to the present time, and its configuration as a leading group and the role played in the future of the department are specified. Conclusions: it highlights the cyclical nature of Caldense politics in relation to its political elites in light of recent events. The classic statement regarding the theory of elites is also confirmed, which assumes these groupings as a constant in all democracies.Objetivo: artículo de Revisión que busca identificar los desarrollos teóricos del concepto clase política y análogos; además, se trata de captar las diferencias de dichos conceptos para mostrar las transformaciones de la clase política en Caldas. Metodología: se aplicó meta-análisis cualitativo de los hallazgos, los cuales derivaron de la búsqueda documental en torno a los mencionados conceptos clave, a partir de determinadas categorías y criterios de análisis. Resultados: se llegó a una definición de clase política, entendida como grupo de individuos que tienen una relación orgánica con la política e intereses directos puestos en ella; esto, independientemente de que ejerzan o no un cargo público, aunque sí el poder político, como la posibilidad de tomar decisiones que afecten a los miembros de la esfera pública. Con esta categorización se hizo un análisis de los usos de estos conceptos en Colombia y Caldas. Allí se muestran las continuidades y transformaciones de su clase política desde la Colonización Antioqueña hasta la época actual, y se especifica su configuración como grupo dirigente y el papel desempeñado en el devenir del departamento. Conclusiones: se destaca el carácter cíclico de la política caldense en relación con sus élites políticas a la luz de los acontecimientos recientes. También se confirma la afirmación clásica en cuanto a la teoría de las élites, la cual asume estas agrupaciones como una constante en todas las democracias

Implication of AMPK in glucose-evoked modulation of Na,K-ATPase

Background and aims: Na,K-ATPase is an integral membrane protein that maintains the gradients of Na+ and K+, using the energy of ATP hydrolysis, maintaining the ionic gradients that allow electrical activity to occur. It has been demonstrated that, in pancreatic β-cells, Na,K-ATPase is regulated by glucose and that this phenomenon is impaired in glucose intolerant subjects. However, the mechanism underlying glucose-induced modulation of Na,K-ATPase is still unclear. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a molecular key player in energy homeostasis, providing exquisite sensitivity to small changes in intracellular AMP levels and thus to intracellular [ATP]/[ADP] ratio, that is known to activate protein regulatory pathways. Since in pancreatic β-cell, glucose has marked effects on oxidative metabolism and total intracellular ATP and AMP levels, the involvement of AMPK in the cascade of events regulating Na,K-ATPase regulation in pancreatic β-cells was postulated. The aim of this work was to evaluate the putative role of AMPK in the glucose-evoked regulation of Na,K-ATPase activity in the pancreatic β-cell. Materials and methods: Pancreatic -cells from normal (control) or glucose-intolerant Wistar rats (GIR) were isolated and cultured (48h). Cell batches were pre-incubated (30min) with 2.1mM glucose to reach basal activity. Afterwards cells were challenged to 8.4mM glucose for 20min, in the presence or absence of AMPK agonists (AICAR) and antagonists (compound C; CC). ATPase activity was assessed in intact cells by colorimetric quantification of Pi formed in 30min. Na,K-ATPase activity was calculated by the difference between the activities obtained in the absence and in presence the of 1mM ouabain. Results: In basal conditions the activity of Na,K-ATPase from normal and GIR pancreatic β-cell was similar (0.184±0.030 and 0.186±0.020 molPi/min/mgProt, respectively). Challenging the control β-cells with glucose 8.4mM evoked a 62% reduction of Na,K-ATPase activity whereas in GIR β-cells a significantly lower inhibition (40%) was observed. The addition of AICAR 1mM abolished glucose-induced Na,K-ATPase inhibition (0,166±0.011 molPi/min/mg). In control β-cell, the addition of CC 10 μM had no effect on glucose-induced inhibition of Na,K-ATPase. In the contrary, in GIR β-cells it significantly potentiated glucose-evoked inhibition of Na,K-ATPase reaching values similar to that observed in the controls (66%). Conclusions: The AMPK agonist AICAR counteracts the inhibitory action of glucose on Na,K-ATPase of control β-cells whereas CC amplified the glucose-induced inhibition of Na,K-ATPase in GIR β-cells. These results suggest that AMPK plays a central role in the cascade of events underlying glucose-induced modulation of Na,K-ATPase and that the defect must be upstream of AMPK. Finally, abnormal glucose-induced regulation of Na,K-ATPase occurs prior to overt type 2 diabetes and might be a feature in the disease development

Divinidades y lugares de culto vetones y romanos en el noreste de la provincia de Cáceres

Dentro de la religiosidad lusitana es novedoso el estudio de los lugares que pudieron desempeñar una función sacra y las divinidades veneradas en ellos. Se presenta una panorámica de los lugares de culto y santuarios a fuerzas divinas de especial veneración entre los pueblos del norte cacereño; una zona con especiales condiciones geográficas y estratégicas y una continuada ocupación lusitano-vetona y romana.Within the field of Lusitanian Religiosity, is original the study of those places that could have played a sacrect function related with the deities revered on them. We present an overview of places of worship and shrines to divine forces of special veneration among the peoples of northern Cáceres, a special area with strategic and geographic conditions and a continued Lusitanian-Roman occupation.peerReviewe

El ranking de las revistas académicas en el área de marketing

Siguiendo las metodologías de MacMillan (1989, 1991, 1993), Garfield (1972, 1979, 1981, 1991), Y otras investigaciones relevantes, este trabajo trata de delimitar el conjunto de revistas académicas españolas y extranjeras consideradas como más idóneas para publicar artículos de marketing y consideradas como las más prestigiosas y relevantes para la comunidad científica española del área de marketing, utilizando la metodología del panel de expertos y la utilización del medio intemet para la realización de encuestas. Los resultados del listado de revistas extranjeras se comparan asimismo con los rankings del Social Science Citation Index y otros rankings publicados de revistas académicas de alto prestigio. Este proyecto es una primera parte de un estudio posterior más ambicioso que englobará a todos los países de la Unión Europea y algunos países latinoamericanos

Phenotypic variation through ontogeny: thyroid axis disruption during larval development in the frog pleurodema borellii

Studies of the effects of thyroid hormones on larval development in the frog Xenopus spp. have provided baseline information to identify developmental constraints and elucidate genetic and hormonal mechanisms driving development, growth, and life history transitions. However, this knowledge requires data based on other anurans to complete a comprehensive approach to the understanding of larval developmental diversity and phenotypic variation through ontogeny. Mesocosm experiments provide realistic data about environmental conditions and timing; this information is useful to describe anuran larval development and/or analyze endocrine disruption. In this study, mesocosm experiments of the larval development of the frog Pleurodema borellii were conducted to explore the consequences of thyroid axis disruption; the sensitivity of tadpoles to the methimazole (2.66 mg/l) and thyroxine (T4) (1.66 μg/l) was compared. These concentrations were selected based on previous studies in Pleurodema borellii. We test the effects of methimazole and thyroxine on development in early exposure (from beginning of larval development) and late exposure, 18 days after hatching, with doses administered every 48 h. Tadpoles were evaluated 31 days after hatching. Methimazole caused moderate hypertrophy of the thyroid gland, alteration in the growth rates, differentiation without inhibition of development, and an increase of developmental variability. Thyroxine produced slight atrophy of the thyroid gland, accelerated growth rates and differentiation, and minor developmental variability. In tadpoles at stages previous to metamorphose, skull development (differentiation of olfactory capsules, appearance of dermal bones, and cartilage remodeling) seemed to be unaltered by the disruptors. Moreover, similar abnormal morphogenesis converged in specimens under methimazole and thyroxine exposures. Abnormalities occurred in pelvic and pectoral girdles, and vent tube, and could have been originated at the time of differentiation of musculoskeletal tissues of girdles. Our results indicate that premetamorphic stages (Gosner Stages 25–35) are sensitive to minimal thyroid axis disruption, which produces changes in developmental rates; these stages would also be critical for appendicular musculoskeletal morphogenesis to achieve the optimal condition to start metamorphosis.Fil: Fabrezi, Marissa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; ArgentinaFil: Cruz, Julio Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; Argentin

Torque pulsations in a three phase induction motor subject to sinusoidal voltage fluctuations associated to light flicker effect | Pulsaciones de par en un motor de inducción trifásico sujeto a fluctuaciones de tensión sinusoidales asociadas al efecto lumínico flicker

A statistical indicator used to measure human visual perception of light flicker is the short term flicker severity index (Pst). A value equal to one indicates visual annoyance, thus becoming a limit to the flicker phenomenon of lamps and, indirectly, to the voltage fluctuation that causes it. Limits of voltage fluctuations are only based on its effects on lamps; consequently, it is important to investigate the effects on other electrical equipment. With this purpose, torque response of a three phase induction motor subject to sinusoidal voltage fluctuations was evaluated in this study. For each voltage fluctuation, the associated flicker index Pst was determined. A wide range in the index, including flicker limits, was considered. Through simulations, pulsating torques in steady state were observed which could give rise to vibration problems. Given that Pst is not suitable to establish limits of voltage fluctuations in the case of induction motor, other parameters were proposed in this respect. Results are supported by means of analytical methods. Key words: Power quality, induction machine, pulsating torques.  RESUMEN Un indicador estadístico utilizado para medir la percepción visual humana del efecto lumínico flicker es el índice de severidad de flicker de corta duración (Pst). Un valor igual a uno implica molestia visual, convirtiéndose así en el valor límite para el fenómeno flicker de las lámparas y, de manera indirecta, para la fluctuación de tensión que lo origina. Los límites a las fluctuaciones de tensión se basan únicamente en sus efectos sobre las lámparas; en consecuencia, es importante investigar los efectos sobre otros equipos eléctricos. Con este propósito, en este artículo se estudia la respuesta del par de un motor de inducción trifásico sujeto a fluctuaciones de tensión sinusoidales. Para cada fluctuación de tensión, se determinó el índice de flicker Pst asociado. Se consideró un amplio rango del índice, incluyendo límites de flicker. A través de simulaciones, se observaron pares pulsantes en estado estacionario que podrían dar lugar a problemas de vibraciones. Dado que el índice Pst no es apropiado para establecer límites a las fluctuaciones de tensión en el caso del motor de inducción, se propusieron otros parámetros en este sentido. Los resultados son respaldados por medio de métodos analíticos. Palabras clave: Calidad del servicio eléctrico, máquina de inducción, pares pulsantes