A New Methodology for Quantification of Alternatively Spliced Exons Reveals a Highly Tissue-Specific Expression Pattern of WNK1 Isoforms

Mutations in the WNK1 gene, encoding a serine-threonine kinase of the WNK (With No lysine (K)) family, have been implicated in two rare human diseases, Familial Hyperkalemic Hypertension (FHHt) and Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy type 2 (HSAN2). Alternative promoters give rise to a ubiquitous isoform, L-WNK1, and a kidney-specific isoform, KS-WNK1. Several other isoforms are generated through alternative splicing of exons 9, 11 and 12 but their precise tissue distribution is not known. Two additional exons, 8b and HSN2, involved in HSAN2, are thought to be specifically expressed in the nervous system. The purpose of this study was to establish an exhaustive description of all WNK1 isoforms and to quantify their relative level of expression in a panel of human and mouse tissues and in mouse nephron segments. For the latter purpose, we developed a new methodology allowing the determination of the proportions of the different isoforms generated by alternative splicing. Our results evidenced a striking tissue-specific distribution of the different isoforms and the unexpected presence of exon HSN2 in many tissues other than the nervous system. We also found exon 26 to be alternatively spliced in human and identified two new exons, 26a and 26b, within intron 26, specifically expressed in nervous tissues both in humans and mice. WNK1 should therefore no longer be designated as a 28- but as a 32-exon gene, with 8 of them - 8b, HSN2, 9, 11, 12, 26, 26a and 26b - alternatively spliced in a tissue-specific manner. These tissue-specific isoforms must be considered when studying the different roles of this ubiquitous kinase

Analysis of a key regulatory region upstream of the Myf5 gene reveals multiple phases of myogenesis, orchestrated at each site by a combination of elements dispersed throughout the locus

Myf5 is the first myogenic regulatory factor to be expressed in the mouse embryo and it determines the entry of cells into the skeletal muscle programme. A region situated between -58 kb and -48 kb from the gene directs Myf5 transcription at sites where muscles will form. We now show that this region consists of a number of distinct regulatory elements that specifically target sites of myogenesis in the somite, limbs and hypoglossal cord, and also sites of Myf5 transcription in the central nervous system. Deletion of these sequences in the context of the locus shows that elements within the region are essential, and also reveals the combinatorial complexity of the transcriptional regulation of Myf5. Both within the -58 kb to -48 kb region and elsewhere in the locus, multiple sequences are present that direct transcription in subdomains of a single site during development, thus revealing distinct phases of myogenesis when subpopulations of progenitor cells enter the programme of skeletal muscle differentiation.This work in M.B.'s laboratory was supported by the Pasteur Institute and the CNRS and by grants from the ACI Integrative Biology Programme of the MJER, the AFM and the European Community (QLK3-CT-99/02). J.H. benefited from fellowships from ARC and the AFM, L.B. from funding from the MJER, and T.C. from fellowships from NIH and the AFM. The work in P.R.'s laboratory was supported by a grant from The Institute of Cancer Research.Peer reviewe

Sévérité de l’hypertension hyperkaliémique familiale causée par les mutations de

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YAC ATTACK (DE LA REGULATION TRANSCRIPTIONNELLE DU FACTEUR DE DETERMINATION MYOGENIQUE MYF5 CHEZ LA SOURIS (DOCTORAT : BIOCHIMIE ET BIOLOGIE MOLECULAIRE))

LE KREMLIN-B.- PARIS 11-BU Méd (940432101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocPARIS-BIUP (751062107) / SudocSudocFranceF

WNK1 et WNK4, nouveaux acteurs de l’homéostasie hydrosodée

L’étude d’une forme rare d’hypertension artérielle de transmission mendélienne, l’hypertension hyperkaliémique familiale (HHF), a récemment permis d’identifier des mutations dans les gènes WNK1 et WNK4, qui codent pour des protéines appartenant à une nouvelle famille de sérine-thréonine kinases (with no lysine [K] kinase). Plusieurs éléments du tableau clinique de l’HHF, caractérisé par une hyperkaliémie, une hyperchlorémie et une grande sensibilité aux diurétiques thiazidiques, sont en faveur d’une anomalie du transport ionique dans le tubule distal rénal. En accord avec cette hypothèse, WNK1 et WNK4 sont fortement exprimés dans cette partie du néphron. On les retrouve également dans de nombreux épithéliums impliqués dans le transport du chlore, tels que celui du côlon. In vitro, WNK4 règle à la fois le transport de Na+, K+ et Cl-, et pourrait donc constituer une voie de régulation importante des transports ioniques rénal et extra-rénal.Arterial hypertension is a complex trait influenced by a variety of environmental and genetic factors. Several approaches can be used to identify its susceptibility genes : one is to study rare monogenic forms of hypertension, like familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHH). Also known as pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2 or Gordon syndrome, FHH is characterized by hypertension, hyperkalemia despite normal renal glomerular filtration rate, abnormalities which are particularly sensitive to thiazide diuretics. Mild hyperchloremia, metabolic acidosis, and suppressed plasma renin activity are associated findings. Despite its phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity, mutations in two related genes, WNK1 and WNK4, were recently identified. These genes belong to a newly identified family of serine-threonine (with no lysine [K]) kinases. Both are highly expressed in the kidney and in a variety of epithelia involved in chloride transport. It has thus been postulated that these two kinases could be implicated in a new pathway of ionic transport regulation. Several studies have very recently confirmed this hypothesis in vitro, in Xenopus oocytes or kidney cell lines. They have shown that, in the renal distal tubule, WNK4 inhibits sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion, via inhibition of NCC (thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl- cotransporter) and K+ channel ROMK activity, respectively. Interestingly, FHH mutations have opposite effects : while they lead to loss of NCC inhibition, they increase ROMK inhibition. Moreover, they also increase paracellular permeability to chloride of MDCK cells. WNK4 also inhibits apical and basal chloride transporters present in extra-renal epithelia, such as CFEX and Na+-K+-2 Cl-, respectively. It is also interesting to note that the WNK4-mediated negative regulation of NCC activity is in turn inhibited by WNK1. By its role on several transporters, WNK4 appears as a putative key regulator of ionic transport and blood pressure

Réabsorption du sel et sécrétion du potassium par le néphron distal

L’étude d’une forme mendélienne rare d’hypertension artérielle, l’hypertension hyperkaliémique familiale (FHHt), a permis des avancées remarquables dans la compréhension des mécanismes de régulation du transport rénal du chlorure de sodium. Chez quelques patients, cette pathologie est due à des mutations touchant les gènes codant WNK1 et WNK4, deux sérine-thréonine kinases de la famille WNK (with no lysine [K]). Les signes cliniques associés à la FHHt résultent, entre autres, de l’hyperactivité du co-transporteur Na+-Cl-, NCC. De nombreuses équipes se sont intéressées à la régulation de NCC par WNK1 et WNK4. Cependant, les données obtenues étaient très souvent contradictoires. Récemment, deux de nos études ont permis d’expliquer en partie ces controverses et d’établir un nouveau modèle de régulation de NCC par les kinases de la famille WNK

Consequences of SPAK inactivation on Hyperkalemic Hypertension caused by WNK1 mutations: evidence for differential roles of WNK1 and WNK4

Abstract Mutations of the gene encoding WNK1 [With No lysine (K) kinase 1] or WNK4 cause Familial Hyperkalemic Hypertension (FHHt). Previous studies have shown that the activation of SPAK (Ste20-related Proline/Alanine-rich Kinase) plays a dominant role in the development of FHHt caused by WNK4 mutations. The implication of SPAK in FHHt caused by WNK1 mutation has never been investigated. To clarify this issue, we crossed WNK1 +/FHHt mice with SPAK knock-in mice in which the T-loop Thr243 residue was mutated to alanine to prevent activation by WNK kinases. We show that WNK1 +/FHHT :SPAK 243A/243A mice display an intermediate phenotype, between that of control and SPAK 243A/243A mice, with normal blood pressure but hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. NCC abundance and phosphorylation levels also decrease below the wild-type level in the double-mutant mice but remain higher than in SPAK 243A/243A mice. This is different from what was observed in WNK4-FHHt mice in which SPAK inactivation completely restored the phenotype and NCC expression to wild-type levels. Although these results confirm that FHHt caused by WNK1 mutations is dependent on the activation of SPAK, they suggest that WNK1 and WNK4 play different roles in the distal nephron