Prevalência de úlcera por pressão em instituições de longa permanência para idosos em São Paulo

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of pressure ulcers varies according to geographic region and population group, such as the institutionalized elderly. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of pressure ulcers among elderly people living in long-stay institutions. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in six long-stay institutions for the elderly in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Demographic and clinical data were collected in six long-stay institutions on two visits to each institution between May and August 2007, during which all elderly patients with pressure ulcers were evaluated. The Braden scale was used to identify the risk of developing pressure ulcers and the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP) stages for classifying the pressure ulcers. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, Student's t-test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the results between visits. The population was 181 elderly people in May and 184 in August: 23 had pressure ulcers in May (prevalence of 12.7%) and 17 in August (prevalence of 9.2%). The mean age at the two times was 84 years, and the average length of stay was 32 months. Pressure ulcers were found mainly in the sacral region (mean, 71.5%), and most commonly in stage II (mean, 41%). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of pressure ulcers was 10.95%. These data provide background information that may aid in developing protocols for applying best practices for prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers, consequently reducing the prevalence.CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A prevalência de úlcera por pressão (UP) varia de acordo com a região geográfica e grupo populacional, como idosos institucionalizados. O objetivo foi identificar a prevalência de UP em instituições de longa permanência para idosos (ILPI). TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal em seis ILPI em São Paulo. MÉTODOS: A coleta de dados demográficos e clínicos foi realizada em seis ILPI durante duas visitas a cada instituição no período de maio a agosto de 2007, sendo avaliados todos os idosos com UP. Foi utilizada a Escala de Braden para identificar o risco de desenvolver UP e o National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP) para a classificação das UP. Foram realizados os testes: Exato de Fisher, Q-Quadrado e t-Student para análise estatística. RESULTADOS: Não houve significância estatística nos resultados encontrados. A população era de 181 idosos em maio e 184 em agosto, sendo 23 idosos com UP (prevalência de 12,7%) e 17 idosos com UP (prevalência de 9,2%) respectivamente. A média de idade nos dois períodos foi de 84 anos, e 32 meses de permanência nas Instituições. A região sacral foi a mais frequente com média de 71,5% e as úlceras no estágio II com média de 41%. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de UP foi de 10,95%. Estes dados fornecem informações de base que podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento de protocolos para a aplicação de melhores práticas na prevenção e tratamento de úlceras de pressão, consequentemente reduzindo a prevalência.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Division of Plastic SurgeryUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Division of Plastic Surgery Program on Plastic SurgeryUNIFESP, Division of Plastic SurgeryUNIFESP, Division of Plastic Surgery Program on Plastic SurgerySciEL

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

Cost of conservative treatment for stage III and IV pressure ulcer in hospitalized patients

Introdução: O tratamento da úlcera por pressão (UP) estágios III e IV necessita de abordagem multiprofissional e de terapias complexas devido à gravidade da lesão. A equipe multiprofissional deve decidir em relação ao tratamento da UP baseado em evidências, custo e assistência individualizada. Objetivo: Identificar o custo do tratamento conservador da UP estágios III e IV em pacientes hospitalizados. Métodos: No período de março de 2011 a julho de 2012 foram estudados 40 pacientes internados no Hospital São Paulo com idade acima de 18 anos e de ambos os gêneros, sendo 60 % na faixa etária acima de 60 anos e 60 % do gênero masculino. Os 40 pacientes possuíam 57 UPs nos estágios III e IV nas regiões sacral, isquiática, glútea ou trocantérica, que foram acompanhadas diariamente durante a internação até a alta, transferência ou óbito. A maioria das UPs 21(52,5 %) foi adquirida no hospital, 30 % (12) dos pacientes realizaram um debridamento, 17,5 % (7) realizaram dois debridamentos e 52,5 % (21) não realizaram debridamentos. A região sacral foi a mais acometida (65 %). Trinta e oito (66,7 %) UPs estavam no estágio IV e 33,3% (19) UPs estavam no estágio III. Foram analisados o sistema de custo direto e custos variáveis da mão de obra, material e medicamentos. Foi calculado o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e foram efetuados os testes Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Houve correlação entre os dias de internação, mão de obra, material e medicamento em relação ao custo total. Houve diferença estatística entre o custo total e os estágios III e IV das UPs. A média de dias internados foi de 43,4 dias independentemente do estágio da UP. O tempo médio em horas para realização do debridamento foi de 1,7 horas e do curativo, 0,2 horas. O custo médico teve um valor/hora de R$48,10 seguido do enfermeiro, R$ 37,00 e técnico e auxiliar de enfermagem, R$26,00. Em relação ao custo médio, o maior percentual correspondeu às medicações, R$ 5.684,69 (63,9 %). Conclusão: O custo diário do tratamento conservador da UP estágios III é de R$96,49 e estágio IV R$276, 48 e o custo médio é de R$8.889,63, em pacientes internados.Introduction: The management of stages III and IV pressure ulcers (PUs) requires a multiprofessional approach and complex therapies to deal with the severity of this type of lesion. According to the literature, a multiprofessional team should make decisions for pressure ulcer (PU) treatment, based on evidence from wound care, the patient’s individual needs and the costs involved. Objective: to estimate the costs of conservative treatment of stages III and IV PUs in hospitalized patients. Methods: Forty patients of both sexes, over 18 years of age and admitted to the São Paulo Hospital (HSP), SP, Brazil, from March 2011 to July 2012, were included in this study. The 40 patients had 57 PUs, stages III and IV, located in the sacral, ischial or trochanteric region. The lesions were monitored daily during hospitalization, until patient release, transfer or death. The direct costs and variable costs of labor, materials and medication were analyzed. Spearman’s correlation test and the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used for the statistical analyses. Results: There was a correlation between the total labor, material and medication costs and the patient hospitalization time. A significant difference was found between PU stages III and IV in regard to mean total treatment cost. The mean hospitalization time was 43.4 days. The majority of the patients (24) were male, and 60 in the hospital. Among the patients, 47.5 52.5 the most frequently involved in the PU cases (68.4 stage IV. The mean time required to perform debridement was 1.7 hours, and the mean time required for dressing was 0.2 hours. The hourly cost for the physician was US$ 21.18, that of the nurse was US$16.30, and that of the nurse technician and nursing assistant was US$ 11.45. The highest percentage of the total cost was the mean cost of medication, US$2,504.26 (63.9 stage III was US$ 96.49 and IV PUs was US$276,48, and the mean direct cost of PU treatment per patient was US$ 3,920.54

Prevalence of pressure ulcers among the elderly living in long-stay institutions in São Paulo

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of pressure ulcers varies according to geographic region and population group, such as the institutionalized elderly. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of pressure ulcers among elderly people living in long-stay institutions. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in six long-stay institutions for the elderly in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Demographic and clinical data were collected in six long-stay institutions on two visits to each institution between May and August 2007, during which all elderly patients with pressure ulcers were evaluated. The Braden scale was used to identify the risk of developing pressure ulcers and the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP) stages for classifying the pressure ulcers. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, Student's t-test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the results between visits. The population was 181 elderly people in May and 184 in August: 23 had pressure ulcers in May (prevalence of 12.7%) and 17 in August (prevalence of 9.2%). The mean age at the two times was 84 years, and the average length of stay was 32 months. Pressure ulcers were found mainly in the sacral region (mean, 71.5%), and most commonly in stage II (mean, 41%). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of pressure ulcers was 10.95%. These data provide background information that may aid in developing protocols for applying best practices for prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers, consequently reducing the prevalence