Identificação e caracterização de marcadores moleculares para estudos ecotoxicológicos em moluscos bivalves e peixes

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Florianópolis, 2009O recente avanço da biologia molecular tem ampliado o conhecimento relacionado a invertebrados marinhos e peixes, gerando inúmeras possibilidades de novas aplicações biotecnológicas. No presente estudo foram identificados e caracterizados novos genes em organismos modelo para estudos ecotóxicológicos. No capítulo I, foram estudados aspectos moleculares, bioquímicos e químicos, da ostra-do-mangue Crassostrea rhizophorae, uma espécie de importância econômica, ecológica e social que ocorre amplamente em estuários e manguezais na costa brasileira, áreas de risco constante de contaminação. Ostras expostas a efluentes contendo esgoto doméstico na Baía Norte da Grande Florianópolis mostraram aumento na atividade da enzima catalase, um biomarcador clássico de contaminação aquática. Bibliotecas subtrativas em ostra, comparando local contaminado e referência, possibilitaram a identificação de 36 novos genes de interesse para estudos ecotoxicológicos em C. rhizophorae, alguns deles codificam proteínas possívelmente envolvidas em biotransformação de xenobiótico, metabolismo de lipídeo, defesa imune, estresse oxidativo e ligante de metais. No capítulo II, bibliotecas públicas de sequências nucleotídicas expressas (ESTs) foram pesquisadas a fim de identificar novos genes de citocromo P450 (CYP) em moluscos bivalves dos gêneros Mytilus (mexilhões) e Crassostrea (ostras). Um total de 113 sequências CYP foram encontradas, a maioria em M. californianus (58). A caracterização preliminar do sistema complemento CYP em M. californianus, mostra que assim como é observado em deuterostômios, há uma expansão do Clan 2 neste organismo. Sequências similares as famílias CYP1, CYP3 e CYP26 de vertebrados foram clonadas em M. edulis, e a expressão órgão-específica e indução por contaminantes para estes genes foram avaliadas. Os genes CYP1-like, similares a CYP1A, que é proposto há décadas como biomarcador para agonistas do receptor AHR em vertebrados, não foi induzida por estas substâncias em M. edulis. Interessantemente, genes CYP3-like e CYP26-like foram induzidos por beta-naftoflavona, o que indica que diferentes mecanismos de ativação gênica, e provavelmente de biotransformação, ocorra nos CYPs em moluscos, quando comparados às famílias CYP similares de vertebrados. Este é o primeiro estudo a mostrar a diversidade do sistema complemento CYP (mesmo que de forma preliminar); clonar genes CYP1-like, CYP3-like e CYP26-like; e caracterizar a expressão destes genes em um molusco bivalve. No capitulo III foram identificados três novos genes CYP1 no peixe-modelo ambiental Fundulus heteroclitus. O set completo de genes CYP1 de peixe (CYP1A, CYP1B1, CYP1C1, CYP1C2 e CYP1D1), mostraram diferentes padrões de distribuição órgão-específica e indução por PCB 126, o que permitiu a escolha das combinações órgão/CYP1 mais apropriadas para detecção de contaminantes agonistas do receptor AHR. Estudos em uma população de F. heteroclitus proveniente de um local historicamente contaminado por PCB mostrou diferenças na expressão de alguns desses novos genes que podem estar relacionadas à adaptação para viver nestes locais. Os genes mais apropriados para detecção de contaminantes agonistas do AHR (CYP1A, CYP1B1 e CYP1C1) também foram clonados no peixe Poecilia vivipara, e poderão servir como biomarcadores de contaminação aquática nesta espécie amplamente distribuída em ambientes contaminados da costa Brasileira. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a aplicabilidade da técnica óptica shearografia para caracterizar a localização e profundidade de defeitos em materiais compósitos. Foi desenvolvido através de experimentos controlados tendo como base conjuntos de corpos de prova contendo falhas artificiais quadradas, propositalmente introduzidas entre as lâminas de um material compósito fabricado com resina epóxi e fibras de vidro unidirecionais e cruzadas. Defeitos de diferentes tamanhos foram dispostos em diferentes profundidades ao longo da espessura do material. O principal tipo de carregamento utilizado foi do tipo vibracional associado às técnicas de Média-Temporal, com iluminação contínua do laser para se obter a resposta da amplitude de modulação através de franjas de interferência e à técnica com iluminação Estroboscópica de forma a conseguir mapas das diferenças de fases referentes à superfície analisada. Foram produzidos conjuntos de corpos de prova com e sem falha de adesão artificialmente provocada. As respostas em freqüência foram relacionadas às profundidades das diferentes falhas. As relações freqüência x profundidade apresentaram bom comportamento, conforme descrevem as bibliografias consultadas. Também foram comparados os resultados obtidos através do modelamento matemático com os obtidos experimentalmente. Os resultados alcançados neste trabalho são encorajadores e abrem as portas para novos estudos com outros tipos de falhas e materiais compósitos

Regulation of pregnane-X-receptor, CYP3A and P-glycoprotein genes in the PCB-resistant killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) population from New Bedford Harbor

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2014. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Aquatic Toxicology 159 (2015): 198-207, doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.12.010.Killifish survive and reproduce in the New Bedford Harbor (NBH) in Massachusetts (MA), USA, a site severely contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) for decades. Levels of 22 different PCB congeners were analyzed in liver from killifish collected in 2008. Concentrations of dioxin-like PCBs in liver of NBH killifish were ~400 times higher, and the levels of non-dioxin-like PCBs ~3000 times higher than in killifish from a reference site, Scorton Creek (SC), MA. The NBH killifish are known to be resistant to the toxicity of dioxin-like compounds and to have a reduced aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling response. Little is known about the responses of these fish to non-dioxin-like PCBs, which are at extraordinarily high levels in NBH fish. In mammals, some non-dioxin-like PCB congeners act through nuclear receptor 1I2, the pregnane-X-receptor (PXR). To explore this pathway in killifish, a PXR cDNA was sequenced and its molecular phylogenetic relationship to other vertebrate PXRs was determined. Killifish were also collected in 2009 from NBH and SC, and after four months in the laboratory they were injected with a single dose of either the dioxin-like PCB 126 (an AhR agonist) or the non-dioxin-like PCB 153 (a mammalian PXR agonist). Gills and liver were sampled three days after injection and transcript levels of PXR, cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A), P-glycoprotein (Pgp), AhR2 and cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) were measured by quantitative PCR. As expected, there was little effect of PCB exposure on AhR2 or CYP1A in liver and gills of NBH fish. In NBH fish, but not in SC fish, there was increased expression of hepatic PXR, CYP3A and Pgp genes upon exposure to either of the two PCB congeners. However, basal PXR and Pgp mRNA levels in liver of NBH fish were significantly lower than in SC fish. A different pattern was seen in gills, where there were no differences in basal expression of these genes between the two populations. In SC fish, but not in NBH fish, there was increased expression of branchial PXR and CYP3A upon exposure to PCB126 and of CYP3A upon exposure to PCB153. The results suggest a difference between the two populations in non-AhR transcription factor signaling in liver and gills, and that this could involve killifish PXR. It also implies possible cross-regulatory interactions between that factor (presumably PXR) and AhR2 in liver of these fish.This study was supported by grants from FORMAS (216-2007-468) and University of Gothenburg to MCC, and by the Superfund Research Program at Boston University, NIH grant P42ES007381 to JJS, MEH, and SIK. Data interpretation was aided by reference to a preliminary draft of the Fundulus heteroclitus genome sequence, which was supported by funding from the National Science Foundation (collaborative research grants DEB-1120512, DEB-1265282, DEB-1120013, DEB-1120263, DEB-1120333, DEB-1120398). This study was also supported by NOAA Grant No. NA16RG2273 (WHOI Sea Grant Project No. R/P-70 to SIK and MEH) and by funding from Adlerbertska Forskningsstiftelsen, Helge Ax:son Johnsons Stiftelse and Wilhelm och Martina Lundgrens Vetenskapsfond to BW and JG

New cytochrome P450 1B1, 1C2 and 1D1 genes in the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus : Basal expression and response of five killifish CYP1s to the AHR agonist PCB126

Author Posting. © Elsevier B.V., 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Aquatic Toxicology 93 (2009): 234-243, doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.05.008.Knowledge of the complement of cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes is essential to understanding detoxification and bioactivation mechanisms for organic contaminants.We cloned three new CYP1 genes, CYP1B1, CYP1C2 and CYP1D1, from the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus, an important model in environmental toxicology. Expression of the new CYP1s along with previously known CYP1A and CYP1C1 was measured by qPCR in eight different organs. Organ distribution was similar for the two CYP1Cs, but otherwise patterns and extent of expression differed among the genes. The AHR agonist 3,3_,4,4_,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) (31 pmol/g fish) induced expression of CYP1A and CYP1B1 in all organs examined, while CYP1C1 was induced in all organs except testis. The largest changes in response to PCB126 were induction of CYP1A in testis (~700-fold) and induction of CYP1C1 in liver (~500-fold). CYP1B1 in liver and gut, CYP1A in brain and CYP1C1 in gill also were induced strongly by PCB126 (>100-fold). CYP1C1 expression levels were higher than CYP1C2 in almost all tissues and CYP1C2 was much less responsive to PCB126. In contrast to the other genes, CYP1D1 was not induced by PCB126 in any of the organs. The organ-specific response of CYP1s to PCB126 implies differential involvement in effects of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in different organs. The suite of inducible CYP1s could enhance the use of F. heteroclitus in assessing aquatic contamination by AHR agonists. Determining basal and induced levels of protein and the substrate specificity for all five CYP1s will be necessary to better understand their roles in chemical effects and physiology.This study was supported in part by NIH grants JJS (the Superfund Basic Research Program 5P42ES007381 and R01ES015912) and MJJ (K99ES017044-01)

Identification and developmental expression of the full complement of Cytochrome P450 genes in Zebrafish

© The Authors, 2010. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in BMC Genomics 11 (2010): 643, doi:10.1186/1471-2164-11-643.Increasing use of zebrafish in drug discovery and mechanistic toxicology demands knowledge of cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene regulation and function. CYP enzymes catalyze oxidative transformation leading to activation or inactivation of many endogenous and exogenous chemicals, with consequences for normal physiology and disease processes. Many CYPs potentially have roles in developmental specification, and many chemicals that cause developmental abnormalities are substrates for CYPs. Here we identify and annotate the full suite of CYP genes in zebrafish, compare these to the human CYP gene complement, and determine the expression of CYP genes during normal development. Zebrafish have a total of 94 CYP genes, distributed among 18 gene families found also in mammals. There are 32 genes in CYP families 5 to 51, most of which are direct orthologs of human CYPs that are involved in endogenous functions including synthesis or inactivation of regulatory molecules. The high degree of sequence similarity suggests conservation of enzyme activities for these CYPs, confirmed in reports for some steroidogenic enzymes (e.g. CYP19, aromatase; CYP11A, P450scc; CYP17, steroid 17a-hydroxylase), and the CYP26 retinoic acid hydroxylases. Complexity is much greater in gene families 1, 2, and 3, which include CYPs prominent in metabolism of drugs and pollutants, as well as of endogenous substrates. There are orthologous relationships for some CYP1 s and some CYP3 s between zebrafish and human. In contrast, zebrafish have 47 CYP2 genes, compared to 16 in human, with only two (CYP2R1 and CYP2U1) recognized as orthologous based on sequence. Analysis of shared synteny identified CYP2 gene clusters evolutionarily related to mammalian CYP2 s, as well as unique clusters. Transcript profiling by microarray and quantitative PCR revealed that the majority of zebrafish CYP genes are expressed in embryos, with waves of expression of different sets of genes over the course of development. Transcripts of some CYP occur also in oocytes. The results provide a foundation for the use of zebrafish as a model in toxicological, pharmacological and chemical disease research.This work was supported by NIH grants R01ES015912 and P42ES007381 (Superfund Basic Research Program at Boston University) (to JJS). MEJ was a Guest Investigator at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) and was supported by grants from the Swedish research council Formas and Carl Trygger's foundation. AK was a Post-doctoral Fellow at WHOI, and was supported by a fellowship from the Japanese Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS). JZ and TP were Guest Students at the WHOI and were supported by a CAPES Ph.D. Fellowship and CNPq Ph.D. Sandwich Fellowship (JZ), and by a CNPq Ph.D. Fellowship (TP), from Brazil

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Biochemical biomarkers in barnacles Balanus improvisus: pollution and seasonal effects

Biochemical biomarkers were evaluated in the barnacle Balanus improvisus (Crustacea: Cirripedia) sampled from both polluted and reference sites in the Patos Lagoon Estuary, Southern Brazil. During winter, higher glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was recorded in the barnacles from the polluted sites, indicating environmental exposure to contaminants. Relatively low lipid peroxide levels (LPO) were also observed in barnacles from polluted sites, indicating that oxidative stress by lipid peroxidation was not a major threat in barnacles from those sites. Seasonal differences in the GST and total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) could have contributed to the low LPO levels in the summer relative to the levels in the winter. Catalase activity and metallothionein levels were not affected by contamination or seasonality. The seasonal changes observed in biomarker responses were paralleled by the differences in temperature, which could have affected physiological responses, including the balance between prooxidants and antioxidants

Biochemical biomarkers in gills of mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae from three Brazilian estuaries

Responses of biochemical biomarkers were evaluated in gills of immature adult mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae collected in three estuarine regions along the Brazilian coast. In each region, ten oysters were collected in one reference site (R) located far from pollution sources, and in two polluted sites (P-I and P-II sites) located in another water body with similar characteristics. P-I site is located close to recognized pollution sources while P-II site is in the same water body, but far from pollution sources. At the Paranaguá Bay (Southern Brazil), polluted sites receive domestic, harbor and phosphate fertilizer plant discharges. High lipid peroxides (LPO) content was observed in winter oysters from the P-I site. In summer, higher catalase activity was observed in these oysters. In the Piraquê region (Southeastern Brazil), polluted sites receive domestic and agricultural effluents. Lower total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) towards peroxyradicals was observed in summer oysters from both P-I and P-II sites. In the Itamaracá region (Northeastern Brazil), polluted sites receive paper mill and caustic soda and chlorine factories effluents. Increased glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was observed in oysters from the P-I site in both summer and winter. At Paranaguá Bay (higher latitude), no seasonal differences were observed in oysters from the R site, suggesting that temperature was not an important factor influencing biomarkers levels. Lower GST activity was observed in oysters from the R site of the Itamaracá Bay (lower latitude) in winter and summer. Taken together, data obtained point to responses of biomarkers in oysters from polluted sites of the three estuarine regions analyzed, indicating the need for future monitoring of the biological effects of contaminants in these environments. They also point to the relevance to consider both season and latitude as factors influencing biomarker responses in environmental contamination monitoring programs

Salinity-dependent copper accumulation in the guppy Poecilia vivipara is associated with CTR1 and ATP7B transcriptional regulation

Copper (Cu) accumulation and regulation of key-genes involved in Cu homeostasis were evaluated infreshwater- and saltwater-acclimated guppies Poecilia vivipara. Fish were exposed (96 h) to environ-mentally relevant concentrations of dissolved Cu (0, 5.0, 9.0 and 20.0 g/L). In freshwater guppies, gilland liver Cu accumulation was dependent on Cu concentration in the exposure medium. In saltwaterguppies, this dependence was observed only in the gut. These findings indicate that Cu accumulation wassalinity- and tissue-dependent. Key genes involved in Cu metabolism were sequenced for the first timein P. vivipara. Transcripts coding for the high-affinity copper transporter (CTR1) and copper-transportingATPase (ATP7B) were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene sequencing. The full-length CTR1 open reading frame (1560 bp) and a partial ATP7B (690 bp) were discovered. Predicted aminoacid sequences shared high identities with the CTR1 of Fundulus heteroclitus (81%) and the ATP7B of Sparusaurata (87%). Basal transcriptional levels addressed by RT-qPCR in control fish indicate that CTR1 andATP7B was highly transcribed in liver of freshwater guppies while CTR1 was highly transcribed in gut ofsaltwater guppies. This could explain the higher Cu accumulation observed in liver of freshwater guppiesand in gut of saltwater guppies, because CTR1 is involved in Cu uptake. Reduced gill mRNA expression ofCTR1 was observed in freshwater guppies exposed to 20.0 g/L Cu and in saltwater guppies exposed to5.0 g/L Cu. In turn, reduced mRNA expression of gut ATP7B was observed in freshwater and salt waterguppies exposed to 9.0 and 20.0 g/L Cu. Liver CTR1 and ATP7B transcription were not affected by Cuexposure. These findings suggest that gill CTR1 and gut ATP7B are down-regulated to limit Cu absorptionafter exposure to dissolved Cu, while liver CTR1 and ATP7B levels are maintained to allow Cu storageand detoxification. In conclusion, findings reported here indicate that Cu accumulation in the euryhalineguppy P. vivipara is tissue specific and dependent on water salinity. They also suggest that Cu homeostasisinvolves a differential transcriptional regulation of the newly identified Cu transporters, CTR1 and ATP7B