Applying Moving Median Digital Filter To Mass Spectrometry And Potentiometric Titration

This paper describes the use of a moving median filter in chemical applications. A probabilistic approach shows the performance in elimination of outliers. The principal advantage over linear filters is the elimination of outliers without significant deformation of the analytical signal. A decrease in level of the normal random noise is also observed. However, the attenuation is lower that obtained by using the moving average with the same smoothing interval size and it is dependent of derivative of the signal. A characteristic of this method is that the peaks are not broadened, however their tops can be cut off. © 1995.3102281288Rousseeuw, Tutorial to robust statistics (1991) Journal of Chemometrics, 5, pp. 1-20Vankeerberghen, Vandenbosch, Smeyers-Verbeke, Massart, (1991) Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst., 12, pp. 3-13Phillips, Eyring, (1983) Anal. Chem., 55, pp. 1134-1138Massart, Kaufman, Rousseeuw, Leroy, (1986) Anal. Chim. Acta, 187, pp. 171-179Yuzhu, Smeyers-Verbeke, Massart, (1990) Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst., 9, pp. 31-44Savitzky, Golay, (1964) Anal. Chem., 36, pp. 1627-1639van Rijswick, (1974) Chromatographia, 7, pp. 491-501Bialkowski, Real-Time Digital Filters: Infinite Impulse Response Filters (1988) Analytical Chemistry, 60, pp. 355A-361ASmit, (1990) Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst., 8, pp. 15-27Caesar, Klier, (1974) Chromatographia, 7, pp. 526-529Xie, Wang, Liang, Yu, (1992) Anal. Chim. Acta, 269, pp. 307-316Phillips, Harris, (1990) Anal. Chem., 62, pp. 2351-2357CSMA software, Princeton Instruments Inc., Trenton, NJDavies, (1992) Electron. Lett., 28, pp. 199-201Davies, (1990) Machine Vision: Theory, Algorithms, Practicalities, , Academic, LondonDavies, (1988) Pattern Recogn. Lett., 7, p. 87Fitch, Coyle, Gallagher, (1985) IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process., 33, p. 230Gallagher, Wise, (1981) IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process., 29, p. 1136Tukey, (1971) Exploratory Data Analysis, , Addison-Wesley, Menlo ParkAldus Photostyler 1.1a, Aldus Co., Seattle, WALabVIEW2, National Instruments, Austin, TXHavlicek, Katz, McKeeman, (1992) Electron. Lett., 28, pp. 1258-1260Weisman, Dougherty, Mizes, Miller, (1992) J. Appl. Phys., 71, pp. 1565-1578Bauer, Sartori, Bryden, An IIR median hydrid filter (1992) IEEE Trans. Signal Process., 40, pp. 1068-1078Astola, Heinonen, Neuvo, (1989) IEEE Trans. Circ. Systems, 36, pp. 1430-1438Davies, The Relative Effects of Median and Mean Filters on Noisy Signals (1992) Journal of Modern Optics, 39, pp. 103-113Kendall, Stuart, (1969) The Advanced Theory of Statistics, 1, pp. 328-329. , 3rd edn., Charles Griffin, Londondo Lago, Kascheres, (1993) Lab. Microcomp., 12, pp. 1-4V.F. Juliano, C. Kascheres and C.L. do Lago, Improvements on a Magnetic Field Probe for Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer using a Unijunction Transistor, Lab. Microcomp., in pressPress, Flannery, Teukolsky, Vetterling, (1986) Numerical Recipes: the art of scientific computing, p. 202. , Cambridge University Press, Cambridg

Thermal And Photochemical Degradation Of Dodecylsulfate Doped Polypyrrole

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)The authors report on the changes of the electrical, morphological, chemical and electrochemical properties of polypyrrole dodecylsulfate films aged at 100°C or exposed to a solar simulator light source. The thermal aging induces a loss of conductivity and a gradual decrease of the anodic and cathodic peak currents, as measured by cyclic voltammetry. Irradiation does not substantially alter the properties of the films; the conductivity does not change and the electroactivity is slightly modified. Degradation of the properties is attributed to cross-linking, oxidation and evaporation of low molecular weight oligomers. © 1993.423317321FAPESP; São Paulo Research FoundationFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Studt, (1991) R&D Magazine, 10, p. 94Inoue, Yamase, (1983) Bull. Chem. Soc. (Japan), 56, p. 985Peres, Pernaut, De Paoli, (1991) J. Polym. Sci: Part A, Polym., Chem., 29, p. 225Billingham, Calvert, Foot, Mohammad, (1987) Poly. Deg. & Stab., 19, p. 323De Paoli, Panero, Paserini, Scrosati, (1990) Adv. Mater., 2, p. 480Ge, Wallace, (1992) Polymer, 33, p. 2348Neoh, Kang, Tan, (1988) Poly. Deg. & Stab., 21, p. 93Valdez, (1954) Proc. Inst. Radio Engirs., 42, p. 420Tourillon, Garnier, (1982) J. Electroanal. Chem., 135, p. 173Coleman, (1975) Rev. Sci. Instrum., 46, p. 112

Electrochemical Study Of Polypyrrole/dodecyl Sulphate

The electropolymerization reaction of pyrrole in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate has been studied and the electroactivity of the polymer investigated with respect to parameters such as the ionic nature of the electrolyte. Polypyrrole obtained in the presence of dodecyl sulphate shows a higher stability and electroactivity in comparison with polypyrrole doped with inorganic dopants. © 1989.2741-2225233Intrace Medical,Modus Medical Devices Inc.,The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE),Ventana Medical Systems Inc.,XIFIN, IncSkotheim, (1986) Handbook of Conducting Polymers, 1-2. , For extensive reviews on conductive polymers see, Marcel Decker, New YorkMacNeill, Weiss, Willist, Electronic conduction in polymers. IV. Polymers from imidazole and pyridine (1965) Australian Journal of Chemistry, 18, p. 477Diaz, Kanazawa, Gardini, Electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole (1979) Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, p. 635Scrosati, (1988) Prog. Solid State Chem., 18, p. 1Diaz, Bargon, (1986) Handbook of Conducting Polymers, 1, p. 81. , T.A. Skotheim, Marcel Dekker, New YorkDe Paoli, Menescal, (1986) Quim. Nova, 9, p. 133Satoh, Kaneto, Yoshino, (1986) Synth. Met., 14, p. 289Wernet, Monkenbusch, Wegner, (1984) Die Makromolekulare Chemie, Rapid Communications, 5, p. 157Iyoda, Ohtani, Shimidzu, Honda, Charge-controllable membrane. Polypyrrole-polyelectrolyte composite membrane through anodic doping process. (1986) Chemistry Letters, p. 687Wernet, Monkenbusch, Wegner, On Structure and Properties of Polypyrrole Alkyl-Sulf(on)Ates (1985) Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, 118, p. 193Peres, Pernaut, De Paoli, Properties of poly(pyrrole) films electrochemically synthesized in the presence of surfactants (1989) Synthetic Metals, 28, p. C59Genies, Bidan, Diaz, (1983) J. Electroanal. Chem., 149, p. 101Asavarapiriyanont, Chandler, Gunawardena, Pletcher, The electrodeposition of polypyrrole films from aqueous solutions (1984) Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 177, p. 229Miller, Zinger, Zhon, (1987) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, p. 2267Stiwell, Park, Electrochemistry of Conductive Polymers (1988) Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 135, p. 2254Lang, Chao, Costa, Garnier, (1987) Polymer, 28, p. 668Jacobs, (1988) J. Electroanal. Chem., 247, p. 135Wernet, Wegner, (1987) Die Makromolekulare Chemie, 188, p. 1465Shimidzu, Ohtani, Iyoda, Honda, (1987) J. Electroanal. Chem., 224, p. 123Vieil, Pernaut, Genies, Nechtschein, Devreux, Genoud, Polarons, bipolarons and charge interactions in polypyrrole: Physical and electrochemical approaches (1986) Synthetic Metals, 15, p. 59Pernaut, (1986) Ph.D. thesis, , GrenobleCotton, Wilkinson, (1972) Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, p. 198. , John Wiley, New Yor

The Photo-oxidation Of Epdm Rubber: Part Ii-the Photo-initiation Process

Mechanistic aspects of the photo-oxidation of EPDM rubber are discussed. According to our results the photo-initiation step is undoubtedly due to impurities present in the crude rubber. These impurities include aliphatic and aromatic phenols, ethers, esters and ketones. The initiation step of a known impurity, viz. benzophenone, was studied. Although the mechanism of formation of the oxidation products is similar to that of other unsaturated rubbers a regeneration of the initiator in the absence of light is observed in contrast to other hydrocarbon polymers. This behavior is attributed to the presence of the ethylidene norbornene unit. © 1990.283235248De Paoli, (1983) Eur. Polym. J., 19, p. 761Rodrigues, De Paoli, (1985) Eur. Polym. J., 21, p. 15Schnabel, (1981) Polymer Degradation, Principles and Practical Applications, , Hanser Verlag, MunichGeuskens, Kabamba, (1982) Poly. Deg. and Stab., 4, p. 69Geuskens, Kabamba, Photo-oxidation of polymers: Part IX—Additional comments about a new chain scission mechanism in polyolefins (1982) Polymer Degradation and Stability, 5, p. 399Geuskens, Debie, Kabamba, Nedelkos, (1984) Polym. Photochem., 5, p. 313De Paoli, Geuskens, The photo-oxidation of EPDM rubber: Part I—Kinetics of oxygen consumption (1988) Polymer Degradation and Stability, 21, p. 217Bousquet, Haidar, Fouassier, Vidal, (1983) Eur. Polym. J., 19, p. 135Bousquet, Fouassier, (1983) Poly. Deg. and Stab., 5, p. 11

Fast Multidimensional (3d And 4d) Ms2 And Ms3 Scans In A High-transmission Pentaquadrupole Mass Spectrometer

A high-transmission Extrel pentaquadrupole mass spectrometer was interfaced to an IBM-compatible microcomputer, and a variety of object-oriented programs in the Microsoft Windows operating system were developed to operate and to increase the versatility of the instrument A selective prescan procedure and the complete control of all three mass-scanning quadrupoles made possible very fast acquisition of several types of three- and four-dimensional MS2 and MS3 spectra, while the high transmission of the quadrupoles conferred excellent signal-to-noise levels to both MS2 and MS3 spectra. By performing an unrestricted third-order (MS3) experiment through scanning of the three mass-analyzer quadrupoles, an entire MS3 data domain was acquired, and the results were collected in the first 4D MS3 mass spectrum. Data projection and data extraction procedures were applied to the 4D spectrum, each of which yielded spectra that provide very specific analytical information. The applicabilities of this and several other multidimensional mass scans were further demonstrated, particularly toward the study of gas phase ion chemistry processes. A consecutive MS3 neutral gain/neutral loss scan was for the first time applied and proved to be very selective for the detection of acylium ions in the gas phase. The application of a 3D MS2 scan, applied in conjunction with the membrane introduction mass spectrometry technique, for fast and simultaneous qualitative, quantitative, and structural analyses of volatile organic compounds in water was also demonstrated.68813281334McLafferty, F.W., (1993) Org. Mass Spectrom., 28, p. 1403McLafferty, F.W., (1983) Tandem Mass Spectrometry, , Wiley: New YorkBusch, K.L., Glish, G.L., McLuckey, S.A., (1988) Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry: Techniques and Applications of Tandem Mass Spectrometry, , VCH: New YorkCooks, R.G., (1979) Collision Spectroscopy, , Plenum: New YorkCooks, R.G., Hoke II, S.H., Lammert, S.A., (1992) Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 118, p. 1McLuckey, S.A., Glish, G., Van Berkel, G.J., (1991) Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 106, p. 213Schwartz, J.C., Wade, A.P., Enke, C.G., Cooks, R.G., (1990) Anal. Chem., 62, p. 1809Morrison, J.D., Stanney, D.A., Tedder, J., (1986) Proceedings of the 34th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, p. 222. , Cincinnati, OHMestdagh, H., Morin, N., Rolando, C., Beaugrand, C., DeMaack, F., (1986) Proceedings of the 34th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, p. 799. , Cincinnati, OHSchwartz, J.C., Schey, K.L., Cooks, R.G., (1990) Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 101, p. 1Schey, K.L., Schwartz, J.C., Cooks, R.G., (1989) Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 3, p. 305Shay, B.J., Eberlin, M.N., Cooks, R.G., Wesdemiotis, C., (1992) J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 3, p. 518Kotiaho, T., Shay, B.J., Cooks, R.G., Eberlin, M.N., (1993) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, p. 1004Eberlin, M.N., Majumdar, T.K., Cooks, R.G., (1992) J. Am. Chem. 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Acta, 310, p. 281Extrel Mass Spectrometry (1992) Model C50 Mass Spectrometer-User Reference Manual, , Extrel Corp.: Pittsburgh, PAThe name "familial scan" has been chosen to describe the experiment since the relationship of all products and all parents to a particular intermediate ion is obtainedsee ref 2noteBudzikiewicz, H., Djerassi, C., Williams, D.H., (1967) Mass Spectrometry of Organic Compounds, , Holden-Day: San FrancisconoteGozzo, F.C., Eberlin, M.N., Unpublished resultsYost, R.A., Enke, C.G., (1986) Mass Spectrometry in Biomedical Research, , Gaskell, S. J., Ed.Wiley: New York, Chapter 8Eckenrode, B.A., Watson, J.T., Enke, C.G., Holland, J.F., (1988) Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 83, p. 177Coutant, J.E., McLafferty, F.W., (1972) Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 8, p. 23Lacey, M.J., MacDonald, C.G., (1978) Organic Mass Spectrom., 13, p. 284Lacey, M. J.MacDonald, C. G. In ref 1b, Chapter 16Warburton, G.A., Stradling, R.S., Mason, R.S., Farncombe, M., (1981) Org. Mass Spectrom., 16, p. 507Fraefel, A., Seibl, J., (1985) Mass Spectrom. Rev., 4, p. 151Kotiaho, T., Lauritsen, F.R., Choudhury, T.K., Cooks, R.G., Tsao, G.T., (1991) Anal. Chem., 63, pp. 875

Insights on bovine genetic engineering and cloning

Transgenic technology has become an essential tool for the development of animal biotechnologies, and animal cloning through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) enabled the generation of genetically modified animals utilizing previously modified and selected cell lineages as nuclei donors, assuring therefore the generation of homogeneous herds expressing the desired modification. The present study aimed to discuss the use of SCNT as an important methodology for the production of transgenic herds, and also some recent insights on genetic modification of nuclei donors and possible effects of gene induction of pluripotency on SCNT

Behavior patterns of cows with Charolais or Nellore breed predominance fed diets with plant extract or monensin sodium

The objective of this research was to study the ingestive behavior of feedlot cows fed additives based on plant extracts or monensin sodium. Twenty-four Charolais and Nellore crossbred cows with age and average initial weight of 7 years and 423 kg, respectively, were used. The experimental diets were plant extracts: basal diet + 5 g/animal/day of a natural additive composed of 750 mg of essential oil of thyme (Thymus vulgaris), 150 mg of garlic (Allium sativum), 250 mg of rosemary extract (Rosmarimus officinalis), 250 mg of canola oil (Brassica napus), 250 mg extract of quillaja (Quillaja saponaria), and 3350 mg of corn starch; sodium monensin: basal diet + 300 mg/monensin/animal/day; and control: basal diet without additive. The basal diet contained sorghum silage and concentrate in a 62:38 ratio. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 3 × 2 (3 diets and 2 breed predominances) factorial arrangement, and means were compared using DMS test at 5% of significance. The type of additive consumed did not alter animal feeding behavior. Cows with Charolais predominance consumed more dry matter (13.78 vs. 12.38 kg/day) and neutral detergent fiber (7.81 vs. 6.89 kg/day), ruminated for longer (8.47 vs. 7.82 h), spent more time chewing (13.05 vs 12.01 h), had a greater number of chews per minute (58.88 vs 53.21) and a greater number of ruminal bolus (541.43 vs. 464.09 boluses/day); however, cows with Nellore predominance had greater idling time (11.82 vs. 10.74 h)