ENERGIA METABOLIZÁVEL PARA SUÍNOS IMUNOCASTRADOS EM TERMINAÇÃO

Objetivou-se estimar a exigência de energia metabolizável (EM) para suínos machos imunocastrados na fase de terminação. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Estadual Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro. Foram utilizados 60 suínos machos distribuídos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, sendo 50 suínos imunocastrados – IM (tratamento 1 a 5) e 10 castrados cirurgicamente – CC (tratamento 3b). Os tratamentos diferiram quanto ao nível de EM utilizada, sendo T1 – 3030, T2 – 3130, T3a – 3230, T3b – 3230, T4 – 3330 e T5 – 3430 Kcal de EM/Kg. Foram avaliadas características de desempenho em diferentes períodos (A – intervalo entre a primeira e a segunda imunização, B – intervalo entre a segunda imunização e o abate e T – período total, da primeira imunização ao abate) e de carcaça, além de análise sensorial da carne dos suínos. Os dados médios obtidos nos diferentes níveis de energia foram submetidos à análise de variância e análise de regressão linear em nível de 5% de significância. A análise foi realizada com o auxílio do programa de análises estatísticas SAEG. Foi observado efeito linear crescente (P0,05) entre as características de carcaça avaliadas. Na análise sensorial, embora os avaliadores tenham detectado diferenças no odor das carnes de suínos CC e IM, tais diferenças não foram devidas ao odor sexual. Não foi possível estimar o nível de energia metabolizável para a categoria de suínos imunocastrados em fase de terminação

LISINA DIGESTÍVEL PARA MARRÃS NO TERÇO FINAL DA GESTAÇÃO

Objetivou-se verificar com esse trabalho se o aumento do nível de lisina digestível na dieta de marrãs, fornecidas a partir do 75º dia de gestação até o parto influencia o desempenho reprodutivo das matrizes, especialmente sobre o peso dos leitões e a uniformidade do lote e avaliar a condição corporal das fêmeas para a segunda cobertura. Foram utilizadas 6 marrãs da linhagem Fertilis 20 (Genetiporc), alojadas em baias individuais de alvenaria, sem acesso a piquetes, com pé-direito de 2,5m, com telhado em duas águas e telha de barro tipo francesa. As matrizes receberam o mesmo tratamento até 75º dia de gestação. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos inteiramente casualizados, com dois tratamentos: 0,63 e 0,78% de lisina digestível na ração, com três repetições. As rações experimentais foram elaboradas com milho e farelo de soja como ingredientes principais e foram formuladas para atender as exigências nutricionais de marrãs, exceto lisina. As matrizes receberam alimentação “ad libitum” até a fase gestacional na qual se iniciou o experimento. No período experimental, o arraçoamento foi realizado duas vezes ao dia (de manhã e a tarde), totalizando aproximadamente 3,4 kg. As rações, sobras e os animais foram pesados para determinação do ganho de peso médio diário (GPD), do consumo médio de ração diário (CRD). As matrizes foram pesadas após a confirmação de gestação (21 dias após a cobertura), aos 75 dias de gestação, no parto e na desmama dos leitões. Os leitões foram pesados ao nascer e à desmama, realizada aos 21 dias de idade, para determinação do desempenho da leitegada. Foi avaliada a perda de peso da porca durante o período de lactação. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância. Não foi detectado efeito (p>0,05) da elevação do nível de lisina digestível da ração de 0,62 para 0,78% sobre nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. O aumento do nível de lisina digestível não influenciou o desempenho reprodutivo das marrãs ou da leitegada

L-glutamine and L-glutamate in diets with different lactose levels for piglets weaned at 21 days of age

This study was developed to evaluate the effects of adding L-glutamine and L-glutamate in diets with no lactose or with 4.0 or 8.0% lactose inclusion for piglets weaned at 21 days old. One hundred and eight piglets with initial weight of 6.12±0.70 kg were allotted in a complete randomized block design, in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, with six treatments, six replicates, and three piglets per experimental unit. The experimental diets were supplied from 21 to 35 days. From 36 to 49 days, animals received the same diet with no lactose inclusion, but the animals in the treatments with L-glutamine + L-glutamate in the previous phase continued to receive diets containing these ingredients. There was no interaction between the level of lactose and the inclusion of L-glutamine + L-glutamate on the parameters evaluated. The levels of lactose did not affect the performance of piglets in either of the two periods. Adding L-glutamine and L-glutamate in the diet positively influenced the weight gain of pigs from 21 to 49 days of age and increased the villous height in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Inclusion of L-glutamine + L-glutamate in diets for piglets weaned at 21 days of age improves the performance and the intestinal mucosa morphology, regardless of lactose addition

Lactose and L-glutamine plus L-glutamic acid in diets for piglets weaned at 21 days of age

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de lactose e da inclusão de glutamina + ácido glutâmico nas rações sobre o desempenho, a morfometria da mucosa e a composição da microbiota intestinal dos animais, utilizou-se 126 suínos mestiços comerciais, desmamados aos 21 ± 1 dias de idade, com peso inicial de 6,12 ± 0,70 Kg, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Foram realizados dois experimentos. No experimento 1, os tratamentos consistiram em rações contendo 0, 4, 8 e 12% de lactose dos 21 aos 35 dias, com seis repetições e três animais por unidade experimental. No experimento 2 testou-se a inclusão de glutamina mais ácido glutâmico nas rações contendo 0, 4 e 8% de lactose, também com seis repetições e três animais por unidade experimental. Dos 36 aos 49 dias, nos dois experimentos, todas as rações foram isentas de lactose e os animais que receberam suplementação com glutamina mais ácido glutâmico dos 21 aos 35 dias no experimento 2 continuaram sendo suplementados até o final do experimento. Avaliou-se o desempenho dos animais dos 21 aos 35 e dos 21 aos 49 dias, a morfometria da mucosa intestinal e composição da microbiota intestinal aos 49 dias. As rações experimentais fareladas, isoprotéicas e isoenergéticas, foram formuladas observando-se o conceito de proteína ideal, mantendo-se constantes as relações aminoacídicas entre lisina e os demais aminoácidos essenciais. Todas as rações continham 2% de plasma sanguíneo "spray dried" em sua composição e 0,05% do antibiótico tilosina como promotor de crescimento. No Experimento 1, os níveis de lactose não influenciaram (P0,05) entre o nível de lactose e a inclusão de glutamina + ácido glutâmico sobre nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados, tanto de 21 a 35 dias quanto no período total do experimento. Os níveis de lactose também não influenciaram (P 0.05) between lactose levels and glutamine and glutamic acid addition on the evaluated parameters, between 21 and 35 days and in the total experimental period. Lactose levels did not affect (P <0.05) animal performance in both periods. In absolute values, however, the treatment with 4% lactose had the best results of weight gain and feed intake in both periods. Addition of glutamine and glutamic acid in the diets affected (P <0.05) positive weight gain of piglets (days 21 to 49) and increased (P <0.05) villus height in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of weaning piglets. Effect (P <0.05) of the addition of glutamine and glutamic acid on the villus/crypt relation was observed in the ileum. The experiments showed that lactose exerted a positive effect on the intestinal microbial ecology of pigs. The addition of glutamine and glutamic acid in the diets enhanced animal performance and intestinal villus height.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

ADDITIVEANTIBIOTIC, PROBIOTICAND PREBIOTIC FOR EARLY WEANED PIGLETS

The objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of the prebiotic mannan oligosaccharide (MOS 0.2%), probiotic (Bacillus subtilis 30g/ton) and antibiotic (Bacitracin zinc 125g/ton) to piglets’ feed in the post-weaning phase. Eighty (Danbread x Agroceres) pigs were used, that is, 40 males and 40 females, with initial weight of 7.1 ± 0.0175 kg. A randomized block design was used with four treatments and five replicates: 1 - Control; 2 - Prebiotic; 3 - Probiotic; 4 - Antibiotic. The variables evaluated were average daily gain (ADG), daily feed intake (DFI), feed conversion (FC) fecal consistency and leukocyte count. At 43 days of age, the animals presented the same weight gain   (P> 0.05); however, there was increased intake of the diet containing prebiotic (P> 0.05), and feed conversion was better for control diet (P 0.05), daily feed intake (P> 0.05) and feed conversion (P> 0.05), and also no differences in fecal consistency (P> 0.05). The number of leukocytes increased at 32 days of age when the diets containing prebiotics and probiotics were used (P> 0.05). The diet containing prebiotics increased the number of monocytes (P 0.05), the diets promoted no changes in the immunoglobulins IgA, IgM and IgG (P> 0.05). The use of prebiotics, probiotics and antibiotics did not influence the animals’ performance from 22 to 54 days of age. Keywords: additives; fecal consistency; immunoglobulins; pigs

ADITIVOS ANTIBIÓTICO, PROBIÓTICO E PREBIÓTICO EM RAÇÕES PARA LEITÕES DESMAMADOS PRECOCEMENTE

The objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of the prebiotic mannan oligosaccharide (MOS 0.2%), probiotic (Bacillus subtilis 30g/ton) and antibiotic (Bacitracin zinc 125g/ton) to piglets’ feed in the post-weaning phase. Eighty (Danbread x Agroceres) pigs were used, that is, 40 males and 40 females, with initial weight of 7.1 ± 0.0175 kg. A randomized block design was used with four treatments and five replicates: 1 - Control; 2 - Prebiotic; 3 - Probiotic; 4 - Antibiotic. The variables evaluated were average daily gain (ADG), daily feed intake (DFI), feed conversion (FC) fecal consistency and leukocyte count. At 43 days of age, the animals presented the same weight gain (P> 0.05); however, there was increased intake of the diet containing prebiotic (P> 0.05), and feed conversion was better for control diet (P 0.05), daily feed intake (P> 0.05) and feed conversion (P> 0.05), and also no differences in fecal consistency (P> 0.05). The number of leukocytes increased at 32 days of age when the diets containing prebiotics and probiotics were used (P> 0.05). The diet containing prebiotics increased the number of monocytes (P 0.05), the diets promoted no changes in the immunoglobulins IgA, IgM and IgG (P> 0.05). The use of prebiotics, probiotics and antibiotics did not influence the animals’ performance from 22 to 54 days of age

Phosphorus on performance, hematological, biochemical, and bone parameters of growing pigs

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to assess the levels of available phosphorus (AP) in the diet of growing pigs selected for lean deposition on the hematological, biochemical, and bone performance parameters. A total of 64 commercial hybrid pigs (32 castrated males and 32 females; mean initial weight: 23.31±2.4kg; age: 55-90 days) were used. Animals were distributed into a randomized block design with four treatments, eight replicates, and two animals (one male and one female) per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of a basal diet and another three diets, which were obtained by supplementing the basal diet with dicalcium phosphate replacing the inert phosphate, resulting in four diets with 0.100, 0.180, 0.260, and 0.340% of available phosphorus. The levels of available phosphorus quadratically influenced the daily weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion, which increased up to the estimated levels 0.331; 0.330, and 0.302% of available phosphorus. Levels of phosphorus showed no influence on the hematological parameters, which remained within the reference values. Levels of available phosphorus increased linearly the ash and phosphorus contents in the metacarpal bone and decreased linearly the alkaline phosphatase activity. Levels of available phosphorus (0.331 and 0.302%, corresponding to a daily intake of 5.73 and 5.18g d-1) provided respectively the best results for weight gain and feed conversion in pigs with high genetic potential, without change in hematological parameters

L-glutamine and L-glutamate in diets with different lactose levels for piglets weaned at 21 days of age

This study was developed to evaluate the effects of adding L-glutamine and L-glutamate in diets with no lactose or with 4.0 or 8.0% lactose inclusion for piglets weaned at 21 days old. One hundred and eight piglets with initial weight of 6.12±0.70 kg were allotted in a complete randomized block design, in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, with six treatments, six replicates, and three piglets per experimental unit. The experimental diets were supplied from 21 to 35 days. From 36 to 49 days, animals received the same diet with no lactose inclusion, but the animals in the treatments with L-glutamine + L-glutamate in the previous phase continued to receive diets containing these ingredients. There was no interaction between the level of lactose and the inclusion of L-glutamine + L-glutamate on the parameters evaluated. The levels of lactose did not affect the performance of piglets in either of the two periods. Adding L-glutamine and L-glutamate in the diet positively influenced the weight gain of pigs from 21 to 49 days of age and increased the villous height in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Inclusion of L-glutamine + L-glutamate in diets for piglets weaned at 21 days of age improves the performance and the intestinal mucosa morphology, regardless of lactose addition

L-glutamine and L-glutamate in diets with different lactose levels for piglets weaned at 21 days of age

This study was developed to evaluate the effects of adding L-glutamine and L-glutamate in diets with no lactose or with 4.0 or 8.0% lactose inclusion for piglets weaned at 21 days old. One hundred and eight piglets with initial weight of 6.12±0.70 kg were allotted in a complete randomized block design, in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, with six treatments, six replicates, and three piglets per experimental unit. The experimental diets were supplied from 21 to 35 days. From 36 to 49 days, animals received the same diet with no lactose inclusion, but the animals in the treatments with L-glutamine + L-glutamate in the previous phase continued to receive diets containing these ingredients. There was no interaction between the level of lactose and the inclusion of L-glutamine + L-glutamate on the parameters evaluated. The levels of lactose did not affect the performance of piglets in either of the two periods. Adding L-glutamine and L-glutamate in the diet positively influenced the weight gain of pigs from 21 to 49 days of age and increased the villous height in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Inclusion of L-glutamine + L-glutamate in diets for piglets weaned at 21 days of age improves the performance and the intestinal mucosa morphology, regardless of lactose addition