Communities of science: the Queen’s Colleges and scientific culture in provincial Ireland, 1845-1875

The Queen’s Colleges in Belfast, Cork and Galway were founded in 1845 as a solution to the education of Ireland’s growing middle class, and especially to redress the lack of university education acceptable to Catholics. Chapter One introduces the colleges, as well as placing this dissertation in the context of the literature on history of science and especially history of science in Ireland. Chapter Two presents the Queen’s Colleges as part of a larger project to economically improve the country through practical education for the middle classes, especially in science. It revisits the rejection of the Queen’s Colleges by the Catholic Church and analyses the lasting effects this had on the cultivation of science in Ireland. Despite the controversy, the colleges opened in 1849 and the rest of the dissertation considers what the colleges were able to achieve in terms of science. Chapter Three focuses on Cork, where the local scientific societies had been integral in the placing of a college in that town. These societies now courted the professors as members, acting as a means of entrée into the social community and altering their activities as a result of the professors’ participation. The agriculture diploma offered in the colleges was expected to have the greatest practical impact on Ireland by encouraging the application of science to farming. Chapter Four examines the unexpected failure of this project due to competition with other similar community initiatives and an inability to balance both practical and scientific concerns. Chapter Five discusses the college museums, which sought, through the collection of objects from across the British empire, to be national (not simply local) institutions for public education and the improvement of Ireland. The final chapter turns to the scientific community itself in an account of the controversy over Eozoön Canadense, believed to be the oldest fossil organism. Two Galway professors harnessed an invisible scientific community through letters and publication in an effort to resolve the controversy in their favour. The Eozoön controversy demonstrates that peripheral locations should not be disregarded as centres of scientific activity and further shows the links between local communities of science and an international scientific community. This dissertation argues that the Queen’s Colleges were integral to the shaping of science in Ireland in the second half of the nineteenth century. While provincial Ireland had a scientific culture of its own before the colleges arrived, the colleges brought government-appointed experts to local communities. The college professors encouraged the growth of expert science in Cork’s scientific societies, presented British-style scientific collections to the Irish public, attempted to alter farming in Belfast to conform with scientific principles and brought an international scientific controversy to remotest Galway. Existing communities of science, and those now created by the presence of the colleges had to negotiate new roles within the scientific culture of Ireland and Britain

A Genome-Wide Association Study of Diabetic Kidney Disease in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes

dentification of sequence variants robustly associated with predisposition to diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has the potential to provide insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of DKD in type 2 diabetes (T2D) using eight complementary dichotomous and quantitative DKD phenotypes: the principal dichotomous analysis involved 5,717 T2D subjects, 3,345 with DKD. Promising association signals were evaluated in up to 26,827 subjects with T2D (12,710 with DKD). A combined T1D+T2D GWAS was performed using complementary data available for subjects with T1D, which, with replication samples, involved up to 40,340 subjects with diabetes (18,582 with DKD). Analysis of specific DKD phenotypes identified a novel signal near GABRR1 (rs9942471, P = 4.5 x 10(-8)) associated with microalbuminuria in European T2D case subjects. However, no replication of this signal was observed in Asian subjects with T2D or in the equivalent T1D analysis. There was only limited support, in this substantially enlarged analysis, for association at previously reported DKD signals, except for those at UMOD and PRKAG2, both associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate. We conclude that, despite challenges in addressing phenotypic heterogeneity, access to increased sample sizes will continue to provide more robust inference regarding risk variant discovery for DKD.Peer reviewe