Challenging German physical education teacher educators' health-related beliefs through Cooperative Planning

Physical education teacher educators’ health-related beliefs can impact public health. An interactive knowledge-to-action approach, such as Cooperative Planning, might challenge the health-related beliefs of physical education teacher educators, thus contributing to innovation in teacher education. We investigated what health-related beliefs physical education teacher educators had before a Cooperative Planning intervention, how these developed throughout the intervention and how teacher educators’ perceptions of Cooperative Planning can explain the identified changes and continuities. We established two Cooperative Planning groups that included physical education teacher educators (university lecturers and teacher trainers), researchers, study course coordinators and prospective teachers. The data of 13 teacher educators were collected before (t(0)) and after (t(1)) the Cooperative Planning using two methods: observations of teaching practice and interviews. The data analysis was based on the following categories: (i) epistemic beliefs about health (e.g. salutogenic understanding), (ii) beliefs about the health topic in physical education (e.g. health-related knowledge and understanding), (iii) beliefs about the health topic in physical education teacher education (e.g. health-related pedagogical content knowledge) and (iv) process-related beliefs about Cooperative Planning. The findings revealed that teacher educators’ health-related beliefs were rather stable but could be challenged through a Cooperative Planning intervention. Epistemic beliefs about health remained, whereas more practice-related beliefs about the health topic in physical education and physical education teacher education changed in individual ways. Here, a change in beliefs was more likely when the participants were open to change and when Cooperative Planning offered opportunities to engage in concrete lesson planning

Gesundheitsbezogene professionelle Handlungskompetenz von Sportlehrkräften: Literaturüberblick und heuristisches Modell

Physical education (PE) is one setting in which pupils may acquire knowledge and skills to lead physically active lives. PE teachers play a key role in fostering respective health-related competences in pupils. For this, they themselves need appropriate professional competences. The purpose of this article is to highlight research trends on, and to propose a heuristic model for PE teachers’ health-related professional competence. Research trends and gaps are identified by a narrative literature review. The heuristic model describes several knowledge domains, beliefs, motivational orientations, and self-regulation as subdimensions of health-related professional competence. It is intended to provide an overview of important competence aspects and to serve as an orientation for further work. (DIPF/Orig.)Im Sportunterricht können Schüler*innen gesundheitsbezogene Kompetenzen für die Gestaltung eines bewegungsaktiven Lebensstils erwerben. Sportlehrkräfte spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Förderung entsprechender Kompetenzen bei Schüler*innen und benötigen dafür selbst spezifische professionelle Kompetenzen. In diesem Artikel werden in einem narrativen Literaturreview Forschungstrends aufgezeigt. Darauf basierend wird ein heuristisches Modell für gesundheitsbezogene professionelle Handlungskompetenz von Sportlehrkräften entworfen, das verschiedene Wissensbereiche, Überzeugungen, motivationale Orientierungen und Selbstregulation als relevante Subdimensionen beinhaltet. Es soll als Überblick und Orientierung für zukünftige Arbeiten dienen. (DIPF/Orig.

The Department of Seaweed: co-speculative design in a museum residency

This practice-led PhD explores ‘how highly specialised and innovative new design practice is made accessible to new audiences in the context of the museum’ (AHRC CDA Award call, RCA, 2010). Innovative new design was further specified as ‘highly academic, speculative, critical and experimental, often dealing with new technologies or ways of working, developing design as an agent of social or cultural change.’The call challenged designers to ‘articulate their processes and practices in ways that can be understood by, and influence, the general public.’ This PhD consists of a case study in the form of a six-month residency at the Victoria & Albert Museum (V&A) in 2013, entitled ‘The Department of Seaweed’ (DoS), as well as a design theoretical contextualisation of its framework, methods and outcomes. Among these are insights into how to co-develop design outcomes and knowledge by working with natural resources. This led me to propose a new method for cospeculative design that integrates open ended material exploration and systems level speculation through participatory critical practice in a museum residency. The outlook of design thus shifts from critical speculation towards design for transition, set against the challenges of the 21st century and beyond. The setting for this thesis is the interrelation of the following three subjects: Methods of Making, Transition Design and Museum Residencies. I established the DoS as a community of practice (CoP) around the development of seaweed as a material for making. Our approach connected making, practice-based research and generative material development with participatory methods and speculation — exploring perspectives from critical, speculative and transition design — and enabling multiple, interlinked forms of participation through dialogue, speculation, making and reflection, both on design practice and the museum. The museum, in the context of this PhD, is understood as a public place of sensemaking and knowledge sharing. As a cultural node, both analogue and digitally networked, it enables the community it is embedded within to access its own past. This thesis proposes that by means of resident and mobile CoP, museums also present ideal places for shared knowing, speculation about and actively shaping preferable futures. I propose using museum residencies as public research and development labs for nonnormative practices, enabling participants to develop a field of visions, identify the inherent potentials of a project and link multiple projects up into an infrastructure by growing a community of practice. Museum residencies can be ideal settings for practice-led research projects that are informed by — and inform— the museum and its community and can link up individual ideas and concepts into communities of practice intent on collaborating to pursue the next steps. The thesis also outlines how ethical, value-based frameworks may govern co-operation — particularly important relating to the use of natural resources such as seaweed. Suggest a system of departments in flux for integrated practices, that can dock on and off existing institutions. This PhD is aimed at practitioners who want to engage with a community in a participatory design process or wish to work with natural materials such as seaweed. It is also aimed at theorists engaged or interested in practice-led design research, participation, generative material innovation, museum residencies, reflexive practice in immersive environments and critical- and transition design

Evaluating performance-based financing in low-income and middle-income countries: the need to look beyond average effect.

Over the last decade, performance-based financing (PBF) has gained momentum as a health financing innovation, which combines linking healthcare payments to performance with increased provider autonomy and supervision. 1 2 The combination of these elements is expected to boost supply-side efforts towards increasing quantity and quality of service provision, triggering a demand-side response towards improved service utilisation.1 3 4 A recent paper by Paul et al has critically questioned the widespread introduction of PBF in light of the limited available evidence on its effectiveness.5 The response to this paper has been varied, with authors advancing arguments for and against PBF. Some African PBF implementers have claimed that PBF is an evolving strategy with potential benefits on health systems despite its existing challenges. 6 Others have drawn attention to the unintended consequences of PBF7 or to the need to assess the economic value of such an approach.8 Beyond their diverse arguments, however, most authors have concurred with Paul et al5 on the limited scope of currently available evidence and have postulated the need to better assess how PBF works under different contextual constraints within and across settings.9 10 Our commentary positions itself against this background, acknowledges the limited scope of current evidence on PBF, and explicitly argues in favour of devoting more effort to unravel heterogeneity across and within settings. Our argument is based on the recognition that by virtue of how impact evaluations are designed, the focus has been on the average effect, which masks important heterogeneity across settings, providers and users.11-13 To date, only a handful of studies have assessed heterogeneity of PBF effects across population subgroups4 14 15 or across health providers.16-18 Similarly, little attention has been devoted to understanding which factors can explain heterogeneity in the response to PBF or why PBF stimulates changes in some instances, but not in others.3 4 10 In light of the above, we call for more systematic analyses of heterogeneity, defined in relation to both the need to report differential effects and the need to understand what drives or explains such differential effects within and across settings. We first define and outline potential sources of heterogeneity and then offer initial guidance on how to measure and understand heterogeneity

Preservice physical education teachers’ beliefs about sustainable development in physical education—scale development and validation; [Überzeugungen angehender Sportlehrkräfte zu nachhaltiger Entwicklung im Sportunterricht – Skalenentwicklung und -validierung]

Climate change poses a major challenge to people and ecosystems and calls for action across all areas to contribute to a sustainable transformation of society. To shape this transformation, it is crucial that teachers implement education for sustainable development (ESD) in schools for a more sustainable future generation, which also applies to physical education (PE) teachers. However, little is known about PE teachers’ beliefs, a key dimension of professional competence, regarding the implementation of ESD in PE. Hence, the goal of this study was to 1) develop a scale to capture PE teachers’ beliefs about the relevance of sustainable development generally and in the context of PE, and 2) investigate its psychometric properties and criterion validity. The analysis using exploratory structural equation modeling in a cross-sectional sample of 206 preservice teachers resulted in a 10-item instrument with good psychometric properties (comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.976; root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.047; standardized root mean square residual [SRMR] = 0.057) and reliability across three factors: a) general beliefs about the relevance of sustainable development, b) positive, and c) critical subject-specific beliefs about sustainable development in PE. Based on the value-belief-norm theory, criterion validity was confirmed through associations between biospheric values and beliefs. We conclude that the newly developed scale is appropriate for assessing PE teacher’s beliefs about the implementation of ESD in PE

Quality by Design basierte Prozessintegration der Präzipitation von Monoklonalen Antikörpern und Antikörperfragmenten sowie die Entwicklung eines Digitalen Zwillings zur Unterstützung der PAT-gestützten autonomen Prozessführung

Der biopharmazeutische Sektor steht auf Grund des rasanten Wachstums und der Entwicklung hinzu individualisierter sowie Patientenorientierter Produkte vor fundamentalen Veränderungen. Die bestehenden Prozesse, beispielsweise die Aufreinigung von monoklonalen Antikörpern (mAb), müssen den gestiegenen Anforderungen angepasst werden. Zudem wird das Portfolio auf Biomolekülen, wie zum Beispiel die mRNA, erweitert. Durch Prozessoptimierung im Bereich des Upstreams konnten geringe Produktionstiters optimiert werden, sodass aktuell die Kapazitätsgrenze im Downstream den Produktionsengpass darstellt. In dieser Arbeit wird die Präzipitation als alternativer Capture-Schritt am Beispiel von monoklonalen Antikörpern untersucht. Es werden die geforderten Richtlinien zur Prozessentwicklung (Quality by Design) der zuständigen Aufsichtsbehörden FDA & EMA berücksichtigt und ein absatzweiser, halbkontinuierlicher sowie ein kontinuierlicher Prozess entwickelt. Die Ausbeute der unterschiedlichen Prozessführungen liegen bei 80-90% mit einer Reinheit von 65-80%. Im Hinblick auf eine angestrebte autonome Prozessführung wurde ein Digitaler Zwilling basierend auf physiko-chemischen Gleichungen abgeleitet und durch Experimente erfolgreich validiert. Der Digitale Zwilling kann zum einen für die frühe Phase der Prozessentwicklung als auch für die Optimierung genutzt werden. Während der Produktion eignet sich der Digitale Zwilling als Beobachter für eine modellbasierte Regelung, welche anhand von Simulationsstudien belegt wurden. Um dies in der Produktion zu realisieren ist eine Online-Messtechnik essentiell, welche den Ist-Zustand des Prozesses in Echtzeit abbildet kann. Aus diesem Grund sind in einer Machbarkeitsstudie verschiedene spektroskopische Messmethoden wie Raman, FTIR, Fluoreszenz und DAD auf ihre Eignung für den Präzipitationsprozess analysiert worden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass FTIR und Raman sehr gut zur Verfolgung der Qualitätsattribute Ausbeute und Reinheit verwendet werden können. Abschließend wurde die Übertragbarkeit des Digitalen Zwillings auf ein anderes Stoffsystem, die Antikörperfragmenten, erfolgreich demonstriert.The biopharmaceutical sector is facing fundamental changes due to rapid growth and the development of more individualized and patient-oriented medicine. Existing processes, for example the purification of monoclonal antibodies (mAb), have to be adapted to the increased requirements. In addition, the portfolio will be expanded to include biomolecules such as mRNA. Through process optimization in the upstream area, low production titers could be optimized, so that currently the capacity limit in the downstream represents the production bottleneck. In this work, precipitation is investigated as an alternative capture step using monoclonal antibodies as an example. The required guidelines for process development (Quality by Design) of the responsible regulatory authorities FDA & EMA are considered and a batch, semicontinuous and a continuous process are developed. The yields of the different process designs are 80-90% with a purity of 65-80%. In view of the desired autonomous process control, a digital twin based on physico-chemical equations was derived and successfully validated by laboratory experiments. The digital twin can be used for the early phase of process development as well as for optimization. During production, the Digital Twin can be used as an observer for model-based control, which has been proven by simulation studies. In order to realize this in production, an online measurement technology is essential, which can monitor the current process values in real time. For this reason, various spectroscopic measurement methods such as Raman, FTIR, fluorescence and DAD were analyzed in a feasibility study to determine their suitability for the precipitation process. It was shown that FTIR and Raman can be used very well for tracking the quality attributes yield and purity. Finally, the transferability of the digital twin to another material system, single chain antibody fragments, was successfully demonstrated

Health-related professional competence of physical education teachers: Narrative review and heuristic model

Physical education (PE) is one setting in which pupils may acquire knowledge and skills to lead physically active lives. PE teachers play a key role in fostering respective health-related competences in pupils. For this, they themselves need appropriate professional competences. The purpose of this article is to highlight research trends on, and to propose a heuristic model for PE teachers’ health-related professional competence. Research trends and gaps are identified by a narrative literature review. The heuristic model describes several knowledge domains, beliefs, motivational orientations, and self-regulation as subdimensions of health-related professional competence. It is intended to provide an overview of important competence aspects and to serve as an orientation for further work

How does performance-based financing affect health workers' intrinsic motivation? A Self-Determination Theory-based mixed-methods study in Malawi.

"Intrinsic motivation crowding out", the erosion of high-quality, sustainable motivation through the introduction of financial incentives, is one of the most frequently discussed but yet little researched potential unfavorable consequence of Performance-based Financing (PBF). We used the opportunity of the introduction of PBF in Malawi to investigate whether and how PBF affected intrinsic motivation, using a mixed-methods research design theoretically grounded in Self-Determination Theory (SDT). The quantitative component served to estimate the impact of PBF on intrinsic motivation, relying on a controlled pre- and post-test design, with data collected from health workers in 23 intervention and 10 comparison facilities before (March/April 2013; n = 70) and approximately two years after (June/July 2015; n = 71) the start of the intervention. The qualitative component, relying on in-depth interviews with health workers in selected intervention facilities one (April 2014; n = 21) and two (September 2015; n = 20) years after the start of PBF, served to understand how PBF did or did not bring about change in intrinsic motivation. Specifically, it allowed us to examine how the various motivation-relevant elements and consequences of PBF impacted health workers' basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, which SDT postulates as central to intrinsic motivation. Our results suggest that PBF did not affect health workers' overall intrinsic motivation levels, with the intervention having had both positive and negative effects on psychological needs satisfaction. To maximize positive PBF effects on intrinsic motivation, our results underline the potential value of explicit strategies to mitigate unintended negative impact of unavoidable design, implementation, and contextual challenges, for instance by building autonomy support activities into PBF designs