development of a radiographic scoring validating the presumption diagnosis

Deckblatt-Impressum Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis Einleitung Literaturübersicht Material und Methoden Ergebnisse Diskussion Zusammenfassung Summary Literaturverzeichnis Anhang Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Danksagung SelbständigkeitserklärungIn der Klinik und Poliklinik für kleine Haustiere der FU Berlin wurden zwischen 1997 und 2002 76 Satinmeerschweinchen wegen des Verdachts einer Osteodystrophia fibrosa untersucht. 15 der 76 Satinmeerschweinchen wurden pathologisch aufgearbeitet. 52 der Satinmeerschweinchen (25 ♀, 27 ♂) konnten auch statistisch bearbeitet werden. Zur röntgenologischen Kontrolle wurden 25 skelettgesunde, normalfellige Meerschweinchen untersucht. Bei einer zweiten Gruppe mit 36 gesunden, normalfelligen Meerschweinchen wurden Blut- und Blutchemiewerte im Vergleich zum Patientenkollektiv analysiert. Die Kontrolltiere waren zum allgemeinen Gesundheitscheck vorgestellt worden. Außerdem wurden sieben Satinträgermeerschweinchen (Genträger, Normalfell; 6 ♀, 1 ♂) in die Untersuchungen mit einbezogen. 20 der 52 Satinmeerschweinchen waren klinisch krank und 32 klinisch gesund. 15 der Tiere litten unter Gewichtsverlust und zehn nahmen weniger oder selektiv Futter auf. Diese Tiere hatten ein nasses Maul. Vier Satinmeerschweinchen waren exsikkotisch und bei drei Tieren war die Zahnsubstanz weich und bröckelig. Zwei andere wiesen eine Brückenbildung der Prämolaren im Unterkiefer auf. Bei 12 Tieren waren Unterkiefer und Kiefergelenk aufgetrieben. 15 Satinmeerschweinchen waren bewegungsunfreudig, vier Tiere waren schmerzhaft in Hüft- und Kniegelenk, zwei krümmten den Rücken auf und 12 waren matt und apathisch. Bei elf der 15 pathologisch untersuchten Satinmeerschweinchen wurde die Diagnose Osteodystrophia fibrosa gestellt. Von den Satinträgermeerschweinchen waren sechs Tiere gesund, ein Tier wies einen blutigen Scheidenausfluss auf. Nach dem Röntgenscoresystem wurde nach radiologischen Veränderungen einer Osteodystrophia fibrosa an Scheitelbein, Stirnbein, Unterkieferast, Jochbogen, Lendenwirbelsäule, Hüftgelenk, Ober- und Unterschenkelknochen und Kniegelenk gesucht. Neun bis maximal 27 Punkte konnten vergeben werden. Anhand der Scoretestung durch sechs Tierärzte wurde eine Grenze von ≤ 13 Punkten für radiologisch unauffällig und > 13 Punkten für radiologisch auffällig erarbeitet. Die Auswertung der 52 Satin-, sieben Satinträger- und 25 Kontrollmeerschweinchen mit dem Röntgenscore ergab, dass kein Kontroll- oder Satinträgermeerschweinchen mehr als 13 Punkte erhielt. Ältere Satinmeerschweinchen (> 25 Monate) erhielten einen signifikant höheren Röntgenscore als jüngere (≤ 25 Monate) und klinisch kranke Tiere einen signifikant höheren als gesunde. Satin-Glatthaartiere (22/52) erhielten einen signifikant höheren Röntgenscore als Satin-Rex (12/52). Das Geschlecht erwies sich als unbedeutend. Es wurden osteopenische Veränderungen an Unterkiefer, Jochbogen, Wirbelkörpern, Becken und an langen Röhrenknochen sowie osteosklerotische Veränderungen an Schädeldach, Endplatten der Wirbel und an langen Röhrenknochen festgestellt. Bei Satinmeerschweinchen konnten signifikant niedrigere Gesamtkalziumspiegel als bei Kontrollmeerschweinchen gemessen werden. Jüngere Satinmeerschweinchen wiesen signifikant höhere Phosphatwerte als ältere auf. Jüngere sowie ältere Satinmeerschweinchen hatten signifikant höhere Alkalische-Phosphatase-Werte als die jeweilige Kontrollgruppe. Bei klinisch kranken Satintieren waren die Alkalische- Phosphatase-Werte signifikant höher als bei klinisch gesunden. Satinmeerschweinchen, die im Röntgenscore mehr als 13 Punkte aufwiesen, hatten signifikant höhere Alkalische-Phosphatase-Werte als Tiere, die nur bis 13 Punkte erreichten. Die Kreatininwerte kranker Satinmeerschweinchen lagen signifikant höher als die Werte gesunder. Gesunde Satinträger- sowie Kontrollmeerschweinchen hatten signifikant höhere Werte als gesunde Satinmeerschweinchen. Bei gesunden Satin- wurden außerdem signifikant niedrigere Thrombozytenwerte als bei Kontrollmeerschweinchen gemessen. Das Geschlecht der Tiere erwies sich für alle Laborparameter als unbedeutend. Aufgrund der Befunde wurde bei erkrankten Satinmeerschweinchen eine Osteodystrophia fibrosa infolge eines sekundären Hyperparathyreoidismus diagnostiziert. Die Ursache der Erkrankung konnte nicht definitiv geklärt werden. Vermutet wird eine genetische Disposition, dies sollte in weiteren Studien geklärt werden.Between 1997 and 2002 seventy-six satin type guinea pigs suspected to have fibrous osteodystrophy were presented at the Clinic for Small Domestic Animals, Freie Universität Berlin. 15 out of 76 satin guinea pigs were examined pathologically. In the present study 52 satin type guinea pigs (sasa; 25 ♀, 27 ♂) were analysed statistically. Two control groups out of healthy, non-satin, normal guinea pigs were established, one to compare radiological results (n = 25) and one to compare blood chemistry and blood count values (n = 36). In addition, seven carriers of the satin gene (sa-, normal fur; 6 ♀, 1 ♂) were examined. Twenty out of fifty-two satin type guinea pigs were established to be clinically sick, in the other 32 there were no pathological findings. Fifteen animals had lost weight, ten animals had not eaten and had wet fur around their mouths. Four animals were dehydrated and the state of the teeth in three had deteriorated. Two others had grown elongated cheek teeth and twelve guinea pigs had misshapen mandibles. Fifteen satin type guinea pigs were reluctant to walk, four had painful knees and a painful hip, two had crooked backs. Twelve guinea pigs were weak and apathetic. Fibrous osteodystrophy was diagnosed in eleven out of fifteen guinea pigs by pathological examination. One out of seven carriers had vaginal discharge, the others were healthy. A radiographic scoring out of nine parameters was developed. Alterations in the course of fibrous osteodystrophy were assessed at the os parietale, os frontale, ramus mandibulae, arcus zygomaticus, vertebrae lumbales, articulatio coxae, os femoris, os tibiae and the articulatio genus. Between 9 and 27 points were possible. Less than and equal to 13 points were defined as being without pathological findings , more than 13 points as pathologic . None of the control group and none of the carriers got more than 13 points. Scoring 52 satin guinea pigs showed that the younger animals (≤ 25 months) reached less points than the older animals (> 25 months; p < 0.05; U-test). Sick animals reached more points than those without pathological findings (p < 0.05). Sex was nonsignificant. We found osteopenia in the os mandibulae, arcus zygomaticus, os femoris and os tibiae, vertebrae lumbales and in the pelvic bone as well as osteosclerosis in bones like the os parietale, os frontale, vertebrae lumbales and in long bones. Satin type guinea pigs were hypocalcemic in comparison to control animals (p < 0.05; U-test). Younger satin guinea pigs had a higher phosphorus level than older ones (p < 0.05). Younger satin guinea pigs showed higher alkaline phosphatase levels than younger control animals (p < 0.05). The same was true for older animals. Sick satin guinea pigs had higher levels of the alkaline phosphatase than satin guinea pigs without pathological findings (p < 0.05). Radiologically suspected satin guinea pigs (> 13 points) had a higher alkaline phosphatase level than those without radiological changes. Creatinine in sick satin guinea pigs was higher than in animals that showed no clinical signs of disease (p < 0.05; U-Test). Carriers and controls had higher levels of creatinine than healthy satin type guinea pigs (p < 0.05). Clinicially inconspicious satin guinea pigs had less platelets than controls (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in sex within all parameters. Fibrous osteodystrophy caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism was diagnosed in sick satin type guinea pigs. The cause of the disease is unknown. We suggest a genetic disorder. This should be clarified in further studies

Raise Them Up- Part 1

In part one of this two-part series, the presenters will engage staff and address self-regulation in areas of mindfulness, healthy behaviors, tolerance and empathy, and digital/social consciousness. This workshop provides a brand-new approach to helping staff and students develop motivation, positive behavior, and resilience. They will provide team building and hands-on activities to implement in your organization as soon as tomorrow! SEL strategies are a powerful tool for helping young people and staff become culturally connected and allow them to have their own identities without judgment. This session provides myriad ways for staff to connect with each other as well as in the same ways as when they work with their students

Exploring Life Satisfaction with the kid-grit Holistic Wellness Wheel

If there was ever a time for self-care–it is now! This interactive session will help you examine your own health and wellness to find balance and energy to support youth. Using the kid-grit Holistic Wellness Wheel, the presenters will examine the CASEL framework and five additional strategies that will support you in and out of the workplace. You will walk away with an action plan that will support you and be used with your students

The English Language Learner Program at Burns Latino Studies Academy: Why Does it Fall Short in Servicing Students?

Burns Latino Studies Academy has been labeled an “at risk” institution frequently reported on by the media. Inadequate funding for English Language Learners (ELL) is just one of the shortcomings cited, and has resulted in the school receiving extra support in the wake of a 2007 lawsuit filed by the Center for Children’s Advocacy. Since then, Burns has secured both additional ELL funding and a new ELL coach. However, a number of challenges remain. The current study asks the question: Why does Burns Latino Studies Academy’s bilingual program fall short of fully serving the needs of its ELL students? Employing a qualitative research approach, it provides a more comprehensive narrative of the many institutional barriers present at Burns. In-depth interviews with Principal Brase, three early childhood education teachers, and the recently hired ELL coach, along with classroom observations, point to two key factors, the state of Burns’ bilingual classrooms and the quality of interactions with students identified as English Language Learners. Preliminary findings suggest both the need to provide greater individual attention to “new arrival” students and the need to enhance ELL instructional technology in order to improve bilingual literacy. Based on these findings, the current study recommends that Burns Academy pair with family care centers in the community. It has also identified free online resources to assist in communication with ELL students and a potential private donor of new computers for the targeted student group at Burns Academy. Lastly, a donation from the company, Techroot, has been secured to replace the school’s recently destroyed ELL instructional equipment, and the research team is currently working with Trinity College’s La Voz Latina student group to act as an outreach and mentoring resource for ELL students at Burns Academy

Impact of Immigrant Entrepreneurs and Workers in Leisure and Hospitality Businesses: Massachusetts and New England

This report examines the role and impact of immigrant entrepreneurs and workers on Leisure and Hospitality businesses in New England, particularly Massachusetts. A significant portion of state economies in New England, especially in Massachusetts, relies heavily on the employment of the foreign-born. As the native workforce ages and population growth declines, businesses are becoming increasingly dependent upon the availability of the foreign-born. This development has facilitated an increasingly significant presence and role of immigrant entrepreneurs in Leisure and Hospitality businesses that is documented for the first time in this report

Government Spending Across the World: How the United States Compares

In this brief, authors Michael Ettlinger, Jordan Hensley, and Julia Vieira analyze how much the governments of different countries spend, and on what, to illuminate the range of fiscal policy options available and provide a basis for determining which approaches work best. They report that the United States ranks twenty-fourth in government spending as a share of GDP out of twenty-nine countries for which recent comparable data are available. The key determinant of where countries rank in overall government spending is the amount spent on social protection. The United States ranks last in spending on social protection as a share of GDP and twenty-second in per capita spending. The United States ranks at or near the top in military, health care, education, and law enforcement spending. Measuring government spending by different methods and including tax expenditures does not appear to significantly alter the conclusion that the United States is a low-tax, low-spending country relative to the other countries examined, particularly when compared to its fellow higher-income countries

Vocal communication of simulated pain

While evidence suggests that pain cries produced by human babies and other mammal infants communicate acoustic cues to pain intensity, whether the pain vocalisations of human adults also encode pain intensity, and which acoustic characteristics influence listeners’ perceptions, remains unexplored. Here, we investigated how trained actors communicated pain by comparing the acoustic characteristics of nonverbal vocalisations expressing different levels of pain intensity (mild, moderate, and severe). We then performed playback experiments to examine whether vocalisers successfully communicated pain intensity to listeners, and which acoustic characteristics were responsible for variation in pain ratings. We found that the mean and range of voice fundamental frequency (F0, perceived as pitch), the amplitude of the vocalisation, the degree of periodicity of the vocalisation, and the proportion of the signal displaying nonlinear phenomena all increased with the level of simulated pain intensity. In turn, these parameters predicted increases in listeners’ ratings of pain intensity. We also found that while different voice features contributed to increases in pain ratings within each level of expressed pain, a combination of these features explained an impressive amount of the variance in listeners’ pain ratings, both across (76%) and within (31-54%) pain levels. Our results show that adult vocalisers can volitionally simulate and modulate pain vocalisations to influence listeners’ perceptions of pain in a manner consistent with authentic human infant and nonhuman mammal pain vocalisations, and highlight potential for the development of a practical quantitative tool to improve pain assessment in populations unable to self-report their subjective pain experience

'A Thingy World': Iris Murdoch's stuff

This essay considers two of Iris Murdoch's novels, The Black Prince (1973) and The Sea, the Sea (1978), and argues that the representation of objects in both offers us manifold interpretative possibilities, and a new approach to some of Murdoch's most significant ideas. It examines how the relationship between the subject and the object in her fiction is negotiated, and how objects inform her theories of character, contingency, and forgiveness, and suggests that in these two novels the way in which the self exists among objects eventually constitutes its own construction and definition