Narrow row spacing on soybean in the early and conventional sowing time in a subtropical region of Brazil

Phytotechnical positioning procedures in soybean crop must be validated in the context of the interaction between genotype, environment and management. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of soybean cultivars sown in different row spacing, in early (October 8th) and conventional (November 12th) sowing dates in a subtropical climate region of southern Brazil. The experimental design was in an 18 × 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The factors were constituted by 18 soybean cultivars (with a maturity group of 5.3 to 6.4) installed with row spacing of 25 and 50 cm. Final plant population, plant height, lodging, 1000-grains weight and grain yield were evaluated. The row spacing and the cultivar used interfere in the agronomic performance of soybean, regardless of sowing date. The narrow row spacing of 25 cm increases the 1000-grains weight and the soybean grain yield, regardless of cultivar and sowing date, with the most pronounced augments in the conventional sowing date. In general, the most yield cultivars were M 5947 IPRO and M 6410 IPRO.Phytotechnical positioning procedures in soybean crop must be validated in the context of the interaction between genotype, environment and management. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of soybean cultivars sown in different row spacing, in early (October 8th) and conventional (November 12th) sowing dates in a subtropical climate region of southern Brazil. The experimental design was in an 18 × 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The factors were constituted by 18 soybean cultivars (with a maturity group of 5.3 to 6.4) installed with row spacing of 25 and 50 cm. Final plant population, plant height, lodging, 1000-grains weight and grain yield were evaluated. The row spacing and the cultivar used interfere in the agronomic performance of soybean, regardless of sowing date. The narrow row spacing of 25 cm increases the 1000-grains weight and soybean grain yield, regardless of cultivar and sowing date in a subtropical climate region of southern Brazil, with the most pronounced augments in the conventional sowing date. In general, the most yield cultivars were M 5947 IPRO and M 6410 IPRO

Soybean cultivars subjected to narrow row spacing and plant populations in early sowing in subtropical region in southern Brazil: Cultivares de soja submetidas ao espaçamento reduzido e populações de plantas em semeadura antecipada em região subtropical no sul do Brasil

Spatial arrangement between plants and sowing time used are decisive practices for obtaining adequate agronomic performance in soybean crop. The aim of this work was to evaluate morphological attributes, yield components and grain yield of soybean cultivars installed with different row spacing and seeding densities, in early (10/04/2017) and conventional (11/08/2017) sowing dates in subtropical climate region in southern Brazil. The experimental design was in a 2×2×4 factorial arrangement: soybean cultivars BRS 433 RR (MG 5.8) and BRS 1003 IPRO (MG 6.3) installed with row spacing of 25 and 50 cm and seeding densities of 160,000; 240,000; 320,000; and 400,000 viable seeds ha-1. Morphological attributes and yield components are altered by spatial arrangement between plants and cultivar, with variable responses according to the sowing date. In the early sowing date, soybean has yield raise due to the increase in seeding density with different responses between cultivars. In the conventional sowing date, soybean installed with 25-cm row spacing has an increase in 1000-grains weight. In the conventional sowing date, there is an increase in soybean yield installed with 25-cm row spacing associated with a seeding density of 320,000 to 400,000 viable seeds ha-1

Germination performance of grain sorghum hybrid seeds treated with bioregulator under water deficit

Water stress can reduce the speed and percentage of germination, damaging the development of seedlings. Thus it is necessary to find alternatives they can mitigate these effects. The plant growth regulators has been heavily used in agricultural production and can proporcionarum increase in the growth and development of plants. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the germination performance of seeds of two hybrids of sorghum under simulated water stress, treated with plant growth regulator. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 x 4, establishing itself as factors, two seed treatments (with and without plant growth regulator) and four water potential (0, -0.4, -0.8, -1.2 MPa) with four replications, separately for single hybrid grain sorghum: 1G100 and 1G233. Germination, the first count of germination, shoot and root length and dry matter of shoot and root were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test at 5% probability and regression analysis. The osmotic potential reduction to the level of -1.2 MPa reduced seed quality, however the application of plant growth regulator did not improve seed quality before the water stress. The plant growth regulator increased root length, dry weight of shoot and root of sorghum seedlings grow 1G233, in the absence of water deficit.Water stress can reduce seed germination speed and percentage, harming the development of seedlings. Thus, it is necessary to find alternatives that can mitigate these effects. Bioregulators have been intensively used in agricultural production and can provide increase in plant growth and development. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the germination performance of seeds of two grain sorghum hybrids under simulated water deficit treated with bioregulator. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, with the following factors: two seed treatments (with and without bioregulator) and four osmotic potentials (0; -0.4; -0.8 and -1.2 MPa), with four replicates, separately for the following grain sorghum hybrids: 1G100 and 1G233. Germination, first germination count, shoot and root length and shoot and root dry matter were evaluated. Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability and regression analysis. The reduction of the osmotic potential to the level of -1.2 MPa reduced the physiological quality of seeds; however, bioregulator application did not result in better seed quality under water stress. Bioregulator Stimulate® increased root length and shoot dry matter of seedlings of grain sorghum cultivar 1G233 in the absence of water deficit

Emerging concepts in biomarker discovery; The US-Japan workshop on immunological molecular markers in oncology

Supported by the Office of International Affairs, National Cancer Institute (NCI), the "US-Japan Workshop on Immunological Biomarkers in Oncology" was held in March 2009. The workshop was related to a task force launched by the International Society for the Biological Therapy of Cancer (iSBTc) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to identify strategies for biomarker discovery and validation in the field of biotherapy. The effort will culminate on October 28th 2009 in the "iSBTc-FDA-NCI Workshop on Prognostic and Predictive Immunologic Biomarkers in Cancer", which will be held in Washington DC in association with the Annual Meeting. The purposes of the US-Japan workshop were a) to discuss novel approaches to enhance the discovery of predictive and/or prognostic markers in cancer immunotherapy; b) to define the state of the science in biomarker discovery and validation. The participation of Japanese and US scientists provided the opportunity to identify shared or discordant themes across the distinct immune genetic background and the diverse prevalence of disease between the two Nations

Physiological quality of the seeds of common bean cultivars grown in different phosphorus levels and growing seasons

A utilização de práticas de manejo adequadas, como época de semeadura e adubação, associados ao uso de genótipos promissores, são estratégias para a obtenção de sementes de feijão de elevada qualidade. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de cultivares de feijão carioca produzidas em duas épocas de cultivo com diferentes doses de fósforo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 × 2 × 6, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados duas cultivares de feijão carioca (‘IAC Carioca Tybatã’ e ‘IAC Carioca Precoce’), duas épocas de cultivo de feijão (época das águas e da seca) e seis doses de fósforo (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, e 150 kg ha-1 de P2O5) aplicadas no sulco de semeadura, utilizando como fonte o superfosfato triplo. A qualidade das sementes foi avaliada pelos seguintes testes: teor de água, germinação e primeira contagem do teste de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado e teor de água após o teste, condutividade elétrica e emergência de plântulas em campo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias das cultivares e épocas de cultivo comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade e as doses de fósforo foram analisadas através de regressão polinomial. Sementes da cultivar ‘IAC Carioca precoce’ produzidas na época das águas apresentam maior germinação, e na época da seca, maior emergência de plântulas em campo em relação a cultivar ‘IAC Carioca Tybatã’. O cultivo de feijão carioca na época da seca proporciona sementes com maior germinação e vigor em relação à época das águas. O fósforo aplicado no sulco de semeadura favorece o vigor das sementes de feijão carioca, pelo teste de envelhecimento acelerado, com resposta a maiores doses no cultivo da seca.The use of appropriate management practices, such as sowing and fertilizing, associated with the use of promising genotypes are strategies for obtaining bean seeds of high quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of cultivars of common bean seeds produced in two growing seasons under different phosphorus levels. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial design of 2 × 2 × 6, with four replications. We evaluated two common bean cultivars (‘IAC Carioca Precoce’ and ‘IAC Carioca Tybatã’), two planting seasons of common beans (rainy season and dry season), and six rates of phosphorus fertilization (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 kg ha-1 of P2O5) applied to the planting rows, using triple super phosphate as the source of P. Seed quality was evaluated by testing the water content, germination, first account of the germination test, accelerated aging test and the water content after the test, electrical conductivity, and seedling emergence in the field. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means of cultivars and growing seasons were compared using Tukey’s test at 5% probability. Regression analysis was performed for phosphorus levels. Seeds of ‘IAC Carioca Precoce’ produced during the rainy season showed higher germination. In the dry season, the highest seedling emergence in the field was recorded for ‘IAC Carioca Tybatã’. Common bean cultivation provided seeds with higher germination and vigor in the dry season than in the rainy season. The accelerated aging test showed that when phosphorus was applied in the planting rows, the vigor of common bean seed was enhanced, with a better response to higher doses when cultivated in the dry season

Vigor de sementes e quantidades de palhada de soja na emergência de plântulas e desempenho produtivo do trigo

The use of high-quality seeds is essential to minimize the possible suppressive effect of straw on seedling emergence, contributing to stand establishment and high grain yield. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of seed vigor associated with soil cover with different amounts of soybean straw on seedling emergence and productive performance of wheat. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using two wheat cultivars (CD 150 and BRS Gralha Azul) under a completely randomized design in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme with four replications. Factors consisted of two seed vigor levels (high and low) and five amounts of soybean straw (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 t ha?1). The following assessments were performed: seedling emergence, dry mass of seedling shoot, number of tillers, plant height, yield components (number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike, and mass of one thousand seeds), grain yield, and harvest index. The use of high vigor seeds favors the emergence and dry mass production of seedling shoot for both cultivars. The increased amount of soybean straw reduces seedling emergence in both cultivars. In the cultivars CD 150 and BRS Gralha Azul, the amounts of soybean straw of 2.45 and 5.40 t ha?1, respectively, result in a higher wheat grain yield.O uso de sementes de elevada qualidade é fundamental para minimizar o possível efeito supressor da palhada sobre a emergência de plântulas, contribuindo para o estabelecimento do estande e a obtenção de altos rendimentos de grãos. O objetivo foi avaliar a influência do vigor de sementes associado à cobertura do solo com diferentes quantidades de palhada de soja, sobre a emergência de plântulas e o desempenho produtivo da cultura do trigo. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, utilizando duas cultivares de trigo (CD 150 e BRS Gralha Azul), sob o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x5, com quatro repetições. Os fatores foram constituídos por dois níveis de vigor de sementes (alto e baixo) e cinco quantidades de palhada de soja (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 t ha-1). As avaliações efetuadas foram: emergência de plântulas, massa seca da parte aérea de plântulas, número de perfilhos, altura de plantas, componentes do rendimento (número de espigas por planta, número de grãos por espiga e massa de mil sementes), produtividade de grãos e índice de colheita. A utilização de sementes de alto vigor favorece a emergência e a produção de massa seca da parte aérea das plântulas, para ambas cultivares. O aumento da quantidade de palhada de soja reduz a emergência de plântulas, nas duas cultivares. Nas cultivares CD 150 e BRS Gralha Azul, as quantidades de palhada de soja de 2,45 e 5,40 t ha-1, respectivamente, resultam em maior produtividade de grãos de trigo

Produção de cultivares de alface americana sob dois sistemas de cultivo

RESUMO A alface é cultivada em todas as regiões brasileiras, porém há restrições ao seu cultivo em virtude de sua sensibilidade às condições adversas de temperatura, umidade do ar e disponibilidade de água. Diante disto, objetivou-se, com este experimento, avaliar a produção de quatro cultivares de alface americana, sob dois sistemas de cultivo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas foram constituídas por dois sistemas de cultivo (túnel baixo de polietileno e campo aberto), e, as subparcelas por quatro cultivares de alface americana (Angelina, Rubette, Grandes Lagos 659 e Tainá), com quatro repetições. As características avaliadas foram: altura de plantas, diâmetro total da planta, diâmetro transversal da cabeça, comprimento de caule, diâmetro de caule, massa de matéria fresca de caule, número de folhas comerciais e não comerciais, massa de matéria fresca comercial e não comercial. Foi realizada análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. O túnel baixo favorece o crescimento e a produção de cultivares de alface americana, em relação ao campo aberto. O cultivar Rubette mostra crescimento e produção superiores aos demais cultivares avaliados, nos dois sistemas de cultivo

Análise estrutural de vagens e sementes de soja submetidas à deterioração por umidade em pré-colheita

The objective of this work was to analyze structurally the pods and seed coats of soybean (Glycine max) cultivars, as well as to determine the quality of seeds when subjected to deterioration by weathering in pre-harvest. A 7×3 factorial arrangement was used – seven cultivars and three volumes of simulated rainfall (0, 54, and 162 mm). Exposure to rainfall was simulated in the R8 phenological stage. Then, the plants were taken to a greenhouse, where they were kept until the time of collection of pods and seeds. After collection, the following evaluations were carried out: tetrazolium test, lignin content in pods and seed coats, and structural analysis of pods (exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp thickness) and seed coats (epidermis, hypodermis, and parenchymal-cell thickness). Pre-harvest rainfall of 54 and 162 mm reduces the quality of soybean seeds; however, the response to deterioration by weathering differs according to the cultivar. The tolerance to all simulated rainfall was greater for BRSMT Pintado, BRS Jiripoca, and M8210IPRO and lower for BRS 1010IPRO. Pods with a greater thickness of the exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp and a high lignin content show greater resistance to weathering deterioration and seeds with greater vigor and viability. The thickness of the hypodermis of the testa is related to resistance to weathering deterioration and to the obtainment of high-quality seeds.O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar estruturalmente as vagens e os tegumentos de cultivares de soja (Glycine max), bem com determinar a qualidade das sementes quando submetidas à deterioração por umidade em pré-colheita. Utilizou-se arranjo fatorial 7×3 – sete cultivares e três volumes de precipitações pluviais simuladas (0, 54 e 162 mm). A exposição à chuva foi simulada no estádio fenológico R8. Em seguida, as plantas foram levadas à casa de vegetação, onde foram mantidas até a coleta das vagens e das sementes. Após a coleta, realizaram-se as seguintes avaliações: teste de tetrazólio, teor de lignina nas vagens e nos tegumentos, e análise estrutural de vagens (espessura do exocarpo, do mesocarpo e do endocarpo) e tegumentos (espessura da epiderme, da hipoderme e das células parenquimatosas). Precipitações de 54 e 162 mm em pré-colheita reduzem a qualidade das sementes de soja; entretanto, a resposta à deterioração por umidade difere de acordo com a cultivar. A tolerância a todas as precipitações pluviais simuladas foi maior para BRSMT Pintado, BRS Jiripoca e M8210IPRO e menor para BRS 1010IPRO. Vagens com maior espessura do exocarpo, do mesocarpo e do endocarpo e elevados teores de lignina apresentam maior tolerância à deterioração por umidade e sementes com maior vigor e viabilidade. A espessura da hipoderme da testa de tegumentos está relacionada à tolerância à deterioração por umidade e à obtenção de sementes de elevada qualidade

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de feijão carioca armazenadas em diferentes ambientes

RESUMOObjetivou-se no trabalho avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de lotes de sementes de cultivares de feijão do tipo carioca ao longo do armazenamento em diferentes ambientes. O ensaio foi desenvolvido na Universidade Estadual de Londrina sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 x 4 sendo três lotes de cultivares de feijão carioca (lote 1: Carioca Precoce, lote 2: IAC Carioca Tibatã e lote 3: IAC Carioca), dois ambientes de armazenamento (ambiente natural e câmara seca) e quatro épocas de armazenamento (0, 6, 12 e 18 meses). A qualidade das sementes foi avaliada pelos seguintes testes: teor de água, primeira contagem do teste de germinação, germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica e emergência de plântulas em campo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey a 0,05 de probabilidade e análise de regressão. Sementes de feijão do lote 1 (cultivar Carioca Precoce) e lote 3 (IAC Carioca) apresentam melhor qualidade fisiológica em relação ao lote 2 (IAC Carioca Tibatã). A qualidade fisiológica das sementes de feijão carioca é reduzida durante o armazenamento para todos os lotes, porém com taxas mais acentuadas sob condições não controladas de temperatura e umidade.</p