Do young children recognize the sound system of their native language? [abstract]

Abstract only availableChildren must learn the phonological rules of their language (what sounds are allowable). For example, a word cannot begin with [zw] in English, but it can in German (e.g., zwiebel). English-speaking adults all know that zwiebel would not be a permissible word in English, but it is unclear when young language-users become aware of these rules. This study taught monolingual English-learning children words that did or did not adhere to the rules of English phonology to assess when children become sensitive to their native phonology. Twenty-eight children came to the laboratory every two months from twelve to thirty months of age. They were taught six novel words for objects and six novel words for actions. Half of each type of word conformed to English phonological rules and half violated them. The experimenter taught the object names by showing children each object and labeling it six times (e.g., See my wug!). The experimenter then demonstrated an action using the object and labeled the action six times (e.g., I can svit it!). Following presentation of the novel words, children were shown each object and action and asked for their labels. These sessions were videotaped, and the experimenter phonetically transcribed how children produced each word. Two analyses will be presented. First, I will compare the age at which children learn words that conform to native phonology with words that violate native phonology to see if children learn words that conform to their native phonology more quickly. Second, I will examine the accuracy of word production to determine whether children make more errors on words that contain non-native phonology and if the errors cause those words to conform to English rules. The results of this study will contribute to our understanding of when children learn the phonology of their native language.School of Health Professions Undergraduate Research Mentorship Progra

An International Discourse Community, an Internationalist Perspective: Reading EATAW Conference Programs, 2001-2011

This article seeks to characterize the discourse community represented by the biennial conferences of the European Association for the Teaching of Academic Writing (EATAW). Drawing on information from EATAW's conference programs, the authors define the topical emphases of the 565 standard presentation abstracts (SPAs) accepted for the first six conferences, identify some of the community's dominant research practices and common methods of presentation, and track the changing international distribution of presenters over time. We conclude that the EATAW discourse community, true to its name, has remained focused primarily on pedagogy and on pragmatic research aimed at improving teaching practices. Working in a multilingual context, EATAW teachers/researchers tend towards an 'internationalist perspective' (Horner and Trimbur 2002: 624), one that is attentive to linguistic and cultural differences and favours empirical research as a means of identifying diverse student needs. This perspective, along with a tendency toward cross-institutional and international research partnerships, stands in contrast to the perspective of the Conference on College Composition and Communication (CCCC) the conference which best represents the American composition tradition

Aboriginal Community Engagement in Primary Schooling: Promoting Learning through a Cross-Cultural Lens

This article reports on action research conducted at a primary school in rural New South Wales, Australia. The research responded to an expressed school aspiration to foster greater understanding of local Aboriginal culture, historical perspectives and knowledge systems within the school. An exploratory model was developed using a mixed methods approach to investigate non-Aboriginal teacher perceptions and self-efficacy with teaching Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander content specified in the Australian Curriculum. A Bush Tucker Garden was established as a ‘Pathway of Knowledge’ acting as a vehicle for collaboration between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal stakeholders. Through their participation in this project the teachers were brought together with local Gumbaynggirr Elders, creating a space for the sharing of social capital. Teacher cultural knowledge and understanding was strengthened, enriching the student’s learning experience. The findings are of relevance to primary school teachers, curriculum stakeholders and education providers in the broader field of Aboriginal education

The assessment of pain: an audit of physiotherapy practice

This study concerned the adoption of scientific method by the physiotherapy profession, with pain measurement as the research focus. It involved an audit of 1010 patient records from four hospital physiotherapy departments in England, to determine how pain was assessed and recorded. The results show that while pain assessment was recorded in most of the cases audited, there was no record of reassessment in 29 per cent of cases. In the initial assessment, only 21 per cent of cases involved quantified methods, reducing to less than 2 per cent during reassessment. These results indicate that the use of recognised quantified methods for pain assessment was not standard practice amongst the physiotherapists audited. Implications for the adoption of scientific method are discussed

L’adhésion au traitement : Ce que devrait faire un physiothérapeute face à un patient mal-adhérent

Travail d'intégration présenté à la Faculté de Médecine en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maîtrise Science en PhysiothérapieIntroduction : La mal-adhésion au traitement est fréquente chez les patients en physiothérapie, ce qui constitue un impact majeur sur les résultats de traitement et sur les coûts de santé. La définition du concept d’adhésion ne fait pas consensus dans la littérature, mais peut être définie comme le fait de respecter le plan de traitement et les recommandations établis en collaboration avec le patient. Objectifs et Méthodologie : L’objectif de ce travail est de fournir des recommandations aux physiothérapeutes sur la prise en charge d’un patient mal-adhérent. Pour ce faire, une revue de la littérature sur l’adhésion au traitement dans différents domaines de la santé a été effectuée afin d’identifier les facteurs influençant l’adhésion, les outils la mesurant et les stratégies l’optimisant. Résultats : Le physiothérapeute doit détecter les signes de mal-adhésion et identifier les principaux facteurs personnels (éléments psychologiques) et environnementaux (support social et relation patient-thérapeute) pouvant nuire à l’adhésion. Ensuite, le physiothérapeute devrait prendre une mesure de l’adhésion grâce au SIRAS, la seule échelle validée et fidèle disponible actuellement. Le but de ces recommandations est finalement d’appliquer une stratégie éducationnelle, motivationnelle ou de développer une relation thérapeutique adéquate, tout en adaptant ces stratégies en fonction des facteurs responsables de la mal-adhésion spécifiques au patient. Conclusion : La mal-adhésion au traitement est un enjeu important en physiothérapie et pourrait être prise en charge selon des étapes présentées dans l’affiche, de la détection de la mal-adhésion à l’application de stratégies pour l’améliorer

Genomic analysis of advanced breast cancer tumors from talazoparib-treated gBRCA1/2mut carriers in the ABRAZO study

Breast cancer; Pharmacogenomics; Tumour biomarkersCáncer de mama; Farmacogenómica; Biomarcadores tumoralesCàncer de mama; Farmacogenòmica; Biomarcadors tumoralsThese analyses explore the impact of homologous recombination repair gene mutations, including BRCA1/2 mutations and homologous recombination deficiency (HRD), on the efficacy of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor talazoparib in the open-label, two-cohort, Phase 2 ABRAZO trial in germline BRCA1/2-mutation carriers. In the evaluable intent-to-treat population (N = 60), 58 (97%) patients harbor ≥1 BRCA1/2 mutation(s) in tumor sequencing, with 95% (53/56) concordance between germline and tumor mutations, and 85% (40/47) of evaluable patients have BRCA locus loss of heterozygosity indicating HRD. The most prevalent non-BRCA tumor mutations are TP53 in patients with BRCA1 mutations and PIK3CA in patients with BRCA2 mutations. BRCA1- or BRCA2-mutated tumors show comparable clinical benefit within cohorts. While low patient numbers preclude correlations between HRD and efficacy, germline BRCA1/2 mutation detection from tumor-only sequencing shows high sensitivity and non-BRCA genetic/genomic events do not appear to influence talazoparib sensitivity in the ABRAZO trial.In Manchester, this trial was undertaken in/supported by the NIHR Manchester Clinical Research Facility at The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. The ABRAZO study was sponsored by Medivation, which was acquired by Pfizer in September 2016 (grant number not applicable). The authors wish to thank Masaki Mihaila and the Pfizer clinical programming team for the ABRAZO correlative analyses. Medical writing support was provided by Dominic James, PhD, and Hannah Logan, PhD, of CMC AFFINITY, a division of IPG Health Medical Communications, and was funded by Pfizer

Nanomachine biocatalysts: Tools for cell-free artificial metabolic networks

Assembling cell-free, cascading multi-enzyme enzyme reactions into artificial metabolic networks for the conversion of low value renewable feedstocks into high value products represents a fourth wave of biocatalysis for renewable green chemistry and synthetic biology applications [1]. However, major limitations to both applications include the cost of producing multiple purified enzymes and of providing a continuous supply of diffusible cofactors or cosubstrates [2]. We have applied synthetic biology principles to produce fusion proteins between synthetic enzymes and their cofactor-recycling partner enzymes, with concomitant in situ recycling of a modified tethered cofactor, with an added conjugation protein element to allow immobilization of the nanomachines to a surface. This has enabled the construction of nanomachine flow reactors which can be combined in an interchangeable, “plug-and-play” manner to construct complex synthetic networks or Nanofactories. Synthesis of the anti-diabetic drug, D-fagomine, reductive amination to produce various chiral or conjugated amines (Fig. 1) and deracemization of alcohols have been used to exemplify the principles, and we have demonstrated tethered cofactor recycling of ATP, NAD(H)+ and NADP(H)+, as well as ligand-directed immobilization of a variety of enzymes to illustrate the use of these nanomachine biocatalysts as tools for the de novo construction of in vitro metabolic networks for synthetic biology. Our research is currently exploring the use of frugal innovation principles to integrate key capabilities in reactor design with on-line analytics for real-time reaction monitoring, and, subsequently, dynamic control over the platform’s fluidics via feedback loops. We aim to demonstrate the utility of such systems for cell-free metabolic engineering to enable fine chemical synthesis, with additional applications possible in bioremediation and environmental sensing. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

Trolling in asynchronous computer-mediated communication: From user discussions to academic definitions

Whilst computer-mediated communication (CMC) can benefit users by providing quick and easy communication between those separated by time and space, it can also provide varying degrees of anonymity that may encourage a sense of impunity and freedom from being held accountable for inappropriate online behaviour. As such, CMC is a fertile ground for studying impoliteness, whether it occurs in response to perceived threat (flaming), or as an end in its own right (trolling). Currently, first and secondorder definitions of terms such as im/politeness (Brown and Levinson 1987; Bousfield 2008; Culpeper 2008; Terkourafi 2008), in-civility (Lakoff 2005), rudeness (Beebe 1995, Kienpointner 1997, 2008), and etiquette (Coulmas 1992), are subject to much discussion and debate, yet the CMC phenomenon of trolling is not adequately captured by any of these terms. Following Bousfield (in press), Culpeper (2010) and others, this paper suggests that a definition of trolling should be informed first and foremost by user discussions. Taking examples from a 172-million-word, asynchronous CMC corpus, four interrelated conditions of aggression, deception, disruption, and success are discussed. Finally, a working definition of trolling is presented

High Latitude Radio Emission in a Sample of Edge-On Spiral Galaxies

We have mapped 16 edge-on galaxies at 20 cm using the VLA. For 5 galaxies, we could form spectral index, energy and magnetic field maps. We find that all but one galaxy show evidence for non-thermal high latitude radio continuum emission, suggesting that cosmic ray halos are common in star forming galaxies. The high latitude emission is seen over a variety of spatial scales and in discrete and/or smooth features. In general, the discrete features emanate from the disk, but estimates of CR diffusion lengths suggest that diffusion alone is insufficient to transport the particles to the high latitudes seen (> 15 kpc in one case). Thus CRs likely diffuse through low density regions and/or are assisted by other mechanisms (e.g. winds). We searched for correlations between the prevalence of high latitude radio emission and a number of other properties, including the global SFR, supernova input rate per unit star forming, and do not find clear correlations with any of these properties.Comment: 40 pages of text, 3 figures, 6 tables, and an appendix of 21 jpeg figures (which is a radio continuum catalogue of 17 galaxies). to appear in A. J. (around January 1999