First molecular identification of the trematode Maritrema bonaerense Etchegoin & Martorelli, 1997 (Plagiorchiida, Microphallidae) from its intermediate hosts, the gastropod Heleobia australis (d’Orbigny, 1835) (Littorinimorpha, Cochliopidae) and the crab Neohelice granulata (Dana, 1851) (Decapoda, Varunidae) in Argentina

The genus Maritrema Nicoll, 1907 (Platyhelminthes, Trematoda, Plagiorchiida, Microphallidae) comprises cosmopolitan species that predominantly parasitize birds. Although approximately 65 species have been described worldwide, including 6 for Argentina, molecular data referring to Maritrema species are still scarce worldwide, especially in South America. Unfortunately, this lack of references for nucleotide sequences is an obstacle to understanding the taxonomy and life cycles of trematodes, and impedes advancing our studies on the phylogeny and geographical distribution of these parasites. For that reason, we performed the molecular study of developmental stages of Maritrema bonaerense: cercariae (collected from the snail first intermediate host Heleobia australis, inhabiting Mar Chiquita lagoon) and metacercariae (collected from the crab second intermediate host Neohelice granulata, inhabiting Mar Chiquita lagoon and San Antonio Oeste, Argentina). The accordance between the ITS2 sequence of M. bonaerense cercaria from the snail H. australis and the sequences of metacercariae from the crab N. granulata was 100%, supporting previous findings of the life cycle of M. bonaerense based on morphological data. All Maritrema species are included in a monophyletic and well-supported clade. Maritrema bonaerense grouped more closely with Maritrema gratiosum. These findings contribute to the knowledge of digeneans in coastal marine ecosystems

Sand fly typing: a simple and morphologically-supported method based on polymorphism of 18S rRNA gene in a Leishmaniasis endemic area of Argentina

Leishmaniases are vector-borne diseases that in the Americas are distributed from southern United States to northern Argentina. The vectors for this disease are small dipterans known as sand flies that are usually identified morphologically by observing structures with taxonomic value; but it is time-consuming, laborious, and requires entomological expertise. Then, this work was aimed at identifying sand flies with molecular techniques, using the morphological identification as a reference technique, in an endemic area of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) located in northern Argentina. For this, sand flies were caught at two patches of vegetation adjacent to rural areas in Orán department, Salta Province. Females were dissected with sterile needles; the head and last abdominal segments were analyzed for morphological identification. The remaining thorax and abdominal segments were used to extract DNA, which was amplified by PCR of the small subunit (SSU), 18S rRNA gene. PCR products were digested with CviQI and DdeI enzymes to identify sand fly species by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Thus, the restriction pattern of each caught species was defined according to morphological identification. A total of 1501 females, belonging to four sand fly species, were captured. Nyssomyia neivai (1347/1501) was the most abundant species, followed by Migonemyia migonei (90/ 1501). From the total, 801 females were morphologically and molecularly identified, while 700 females were characterized only molecularly. For those females analyzed by both methods, there was total coincidence in the achieved result. Besides, the 5% (38/801) of females that could not be determined morphologically due to inadequate mounting were molecularly identified. All the females characterized just by PCR-RFLP, were successfully identified. Our results indicate that the explored method is capable of identifying the sand fly species that circulate in an ATL endemic area. Since this method is based on the analysis of markedly different patterns, the identification process might be more easily reproduced, as the bias introduced by the technician's lack of experience is removed.Fil: Almazán, María Cristina. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Sede Regional Orán. Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Copa, Griselda Noemi. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Sede Regional Orán. Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Lauthier, Juan José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Kochi University. Kochi Medical School; JapónFil: Gil, José Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Escuela de Biología. Cátedra de Química Biológica; ArgentinaFil: López Quiroga, Inés Raquel. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Escuela de Biología. Cátedra de Química Biológica; ArgentinaFil: Hoyos, Carlos Lorenzo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Instituto de Patología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Díaz Fernández, Melisa Evangelina. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Escuela de Biología. Cátedra de Química Biológica; ArgentinaFil: Nasser, Julio Rubén. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Escuela de Biología. Cátedra de Química Biológica; ArgentinaFil: Korenaga, Masataka. Kochi University. Kochi Medical School; JapónFil: Marco, Jorge Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Instituto de Patología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Barroso, Paola Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Instituto de Patología Experimental; Argentin

Tegumentary leishmaniasis and sand flies in a border area between Argentina and Bolivia

Background: Some sand flies are of medical importance because they are vectors of Leishmania parasites that are responsible for leishmaniasis. The aim of this study was to make a retrospective epidemiological analysis of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL), to identify Leishmania spp. from patient isolates and to describe the diversity of sand flies from a border area between Bolivia and Argentina. Methods: TL cases included in the study were diagnosed in an endemic area of the north of Argentina from 1985 to 2017. The parasites isolated were characterized by the cytochrome B method. Sand flies were captured with Centers for Disease Control traps in Aguas Blancas and Media Luna-Algarrobito localities. Results: A total of 118 cases of TL were analysed. Eight isolates were characterized as Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. A total of 1291 sand flies were captured, including Nyssomyia neivai, Cortelezzii complex, Evandromyia sallesi, Migonemyia migonei and Micropygomyia quinquefer. Within the area, sand flies were found in the backyards of houses. Conclusions: In this region there exists the possibility of peridomestic transmission of TL in the neighbourhoods peripheral to the urban area and in rural environments as well as the risk of transmission to travellers that pass through the customs offices.Fil: Copa, Griselda Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Sede Regional Orán. Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Almazán, María Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Sede Regional Orán. Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Aramayo, Lorena Vanesa. Universidad Nacional de Salta; ArgentinaFil: Krolewiecki, Alejandro Javier. Universidad Nacional de Salta; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta; ArgentinaFil: Cajal, Silvana Pamela. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Sede Regional Orán. Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales; ArgentinaFil: Juarez, Marisa. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Sede Regional Orán. Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales; ArgentinaFil: Lauthier, Juan José. Kochi University. Kochi Medical School; JapónFil: Korenaga, Masataka. Kochi University. Kochi Medical School; JapónFil: Barroso, Paola Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Instituto de Patología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Nasser, Julio Rubén. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Sede Regional Orán. Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales; ArgentinaFil: Marco, Jorge Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Instituto de Patología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Gil, José Fernando. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Sede Regional Orán. Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentin

Evaluation of recombinant antigens of Trypanosoma cruzi to diagnose infection in naturally infected dogs from Chaco region, Argentina

Dogs are considered the main mammal reservoir of Trypanosoma cruzi in domiciliary environments. Consequently, accurate detection of T. cruzi infection in canine populations is epidemiologically relevant. Here we analyzed the utility of the T. cruzi recombinant antigens FRA, SAPA, CP1, Ag1 and a SAPA/TSSA VI mixture, in an ELISA format. We used a positive control group of sera obtained from 38 dogs from the Chaco region in Argentina with positive Homogenate-ELISA reaction, all of them also positive by xenodiagnosis and/or PCR. The negative group included 19 dogs from a non-endemic area. Sensitivity, specificity, Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the Receiver-Operating Charactheristic (ROC) curve and Kappa index were obtained in order to compare the diagnostic efficiency of the tests. The SAPA/TSSA VI had the highest performance, with a sensitivity of 94.7% and an AUC ROC of 0.99 that indicates high accuracy. Among individual antigens, SAPA-ELISA yielded the highest sensitivity (86.8%) and AUC ROC (0.96), whereas FRA-ELISA was the least efficient test (sensitivity=36.8%; AUC ROC=0.53). Our results showed that the use of SAPA/TSSA VI in ELISA assays could be a useful tool to study dogs naturally infected with T. cruzi in endemic areas.Fil: Floridia Yapur, Noelia Aldana del Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Sede Regional Orán. Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Escuela de Biología. Cátedra de Química Biológica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta; ArgentinaFil: Vega Benedetti, Ana Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Instituto de Patología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Monje Rumi, Maria Mercedes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Instituto de Patología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Ragone, Paula Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Instituto de Patología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Lauthier, Juan José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Instituto de Patología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Tomasini, Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Instituto de Patología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Alberti D'amato, Anahí Maitén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Instituto de Patología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: López Quiroga, Inés Raquel. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Escuela de Biología. Cátedra de Química Biológica; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Sede Regional Orán. Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales; ArgentinaFil: Diosque, Patricio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Instituto de Patología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Marcipar, Iván Sergio. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Tecnología Inmunológica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta; ArgentinaFil: Nasser, Julio Rubén. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Sede Regional Orán. Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Escuela de Biología. Cátedra de Química Biológica; ArgentinaFil: Cimino, Rubén Oscar. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Sede Regional Orán. Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Escuela de Biología. Cátedra de Química Biológica; Argentin

MLSTest: Novel software for multi-locus sequence data analysis in eukaryotic organisms

Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) is a frequently used genotyping method whose goal is the unambiguous assignment of microorganisms to genetic clusters. MLST typically involves analysis of DNA sequence results generated from several house-keeping gene loci. MLST remains the gold standard for molecular typing of many bacterial pathogens. Eukaryotic pathogens have also been the subject of MLST, however, few tools are available to deal with diploid sequence data. Here we present novel software for MLST data analysis tailored towards diploid Eukaryotes: MLSTest. This software meets various methods used in MLST and introduces some novel methodologies for the evaluation of the data set. In addition to construction of allelic profiles and basic clustering analysis, the MLSTest looks for network structures that suggest genetic exchange in BURST graphs. Additionally, it uses several simple methods for tree construction with the advantage of managing heterozygous or three-state sites. Additionally, the software analyses whether concatenation of fragments from different genes is suitable for the data set using different tests (bionj-incongruence length difference test, Templeton test). It evaluates how the incongruence is distributed across the tree using a variation of the localized incongruence length difference test based on a modified neighbour joining algorithm. We tested the last method in simulated datasets. We showed that is conservative (adequate type I error rate) and moderately to highly powerful as well as useful to localize incongruences in two bacterial and two eukaryotic MLST datasets. MLSTest was also designed for developing MLST schemes. It thus has tools to optimize locus combinations and to reduce the number of targets required for typing. MLSTest also analyses whether the discriminatory power of the typing scheme is increased by including more loci. We evaluated the software over simulated and real datasets from bacterial and eukaryotic microorganisms. The software is freely available at http://www.ipe.unsa.edu.ar/software.Fil: Tomasini, Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta; ArgentinaFil: Lauthier, Juan José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta; ArgentinaFil: Llewellyn, Martin S.. University of Wales. School of Biological Sciences; Reino UnidoFil: Diosque, Patricio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta; Argentin

Paramonostomum deseado n. sp. (Digenea: Notocotylidae) parasitizing the South American Black Oystercatcher and their atypical life cycle from the Patagonian coast

By way of morphological and molecular analysis we describe a new species of notocotylid, Paramonostomum deseado n. sp., parasitizing Haematopus ater from Argentina and we contribute to elucidate its life cycle. Within this genus, 4 groups can be morphologically distinguished according to body shape: 'Oval', 'Pyriform', 'Elongate', 'Overlong'. The new species belongs to the 'Elongate group', which presents a wide variation in body length (597-4500 m). The new species, Paramonostomum caeci from Australia, Paramonostomum actitidis from the Caribbean and Paramonostomum alveoelongatum from Russia share the smallest range of body size in this group (<1130 m). The new species more closely resembles P. actitidis but differs from it by cirrus-sac length, which is shorter in the new species (97-146 vs 280-430 m in P. actitidis), and egg size which is larger in the new species (25-33 vs 18-20 m in P. actitidis). Paramonostomum deseado n. sp. uses the limpet Nacella magellanica as both first and second intermediate hosts in which metacercariae encyst inside the redia. This is the first abbreviated cycle described for notocotylid species. Ribosomal RNA sequences provided for adults (ITS1, ITS2 and 28S) and metacercariae inside the rediae (ITS1) support the species identification and the correspondence among stages. Phylogenetic analysis based on 28S placed P. deseado n. sp. close to other Notocotylus spp. and Paramonostomum anatis. Molecular results demonstrate that the hosts involved in the life cycles and the habitat more than morphological differences are determining the phylogenetic relationships in members of Notocotylidae.Fil: Bagnato, Estefanía. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Gilardoni, Carmen Mariangel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Lauthier, Juan José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica; ArgentinaFil: Cremonte, Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; Argentin

First molecular identification of the trematode Maritrema bonaerense Etchegoin & Martorelli, 1997 (Plagiorchiida, Microphallidae) from its intermediate hosts, the gastropod Heleobia australis (d'Orbigny, 1835) (Littorinimorpha, Cochliopidae) and the crab Neohelice granulata (Dana, 1851) (Decapoda, Varunidae) in Argentina

The genus Maritrema Nicoll, 1907 (Platyhelminthes, Trematoda, Plagiorchiida, Microphallidae) comprises cosmopolitan species that predominantly parasitize birds. Although approximately 65 species have been described worldwide, including 6 for Argentina, molecular data referring to Maritrema species are still scarce worldwide, especially in South America. Unfortunately, this lack of references for nucleotide sequences is an obstacle to understanding the taxonomy and life cycles of trematodes, and impedes advancing our studies on the phylogeny and geographical distribution of these parasites. For that reason, we performed the molecular study of developmental stages of Maritrema bonaerense: cercariae (collected from the snail first intermediate host Heleobia australis, inhabiting Mar Chiquita lagoon) and metacercariae (collected from the crab second intermediate host Neohelice granulata, inhabiting Mar Chiquita lagoon and San Antonio Oeste, Argentina). The accordance between the ITS2 sequence of M. bonaerense cercaria from the snail H. australis and the sequences of metacercariae from the crab N. granulata was 100%, supporting previous findings of the life cycle of M. bonaerense based on morphological data. All Maritrema species are included in a monophyletic and well-supported clade. Maritrema bonaerense grouped more closely with Maritrema gratiosum. These findings contribute to the knowledge of digeneans in coastal marine ecosystems

Summary of dataset structure types found in our comparative analyses.

1<p>Consensus support was arbitrarily considered moderate for datasets with 30–60% of branches supported by at least two fragments and High for datasets with more than 60%.</p>2<p>Bootstrap support was arbitrarily considered moderate for datasets with 40%–60% of branches supported by bootstrap higher than 80% and High for datasets with more than 60% with bootrstrap value higher than 80%.</p>3<p>Topological incongruence was considered moderate for datasets with 20–40% of branches with n-1 fragments topologically incompatible with the validity of the near-clade in the concatenated tree and high incongruence was considered for datasets with more than 40% of branches with n-1 fragments topologically incompatible.</p>4<p>Significant NJ-LILD after Bonferroni correction.</p><p>*Thresholds are only used to define limits to different genetic structure types, which clearly emerge from a visual comparison of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0103131#pone-0103131-g001" target="_blank">Figures 1</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0103131#pone-0103131-g002" target="_blank">2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0103131#pone-0103131-g003" target="_blank">3</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0103131#pone.0103131.s002" target="_blank">S2</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0103131#pone.0103131.s003" target="_blank">S3</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0103131#pone.0103131.s004" target="_blank">S4</a>. It is important to note that the used thresholds are applicable to define structure types when only datasets around 24 STs are used.</p

First record of Cotylurus metacercariae (Trematoda:Strigeidae) in Biomphalaria straminea (Planorbidae) from Argentina: morphological and molecular identification

In the study of the biology of trematode species, the knowledge of the larval stages in snail hosts is important to elucidate their complete life cycle. The goal of the present study was to describe a new tetracotyle-type metacercaria found in the freshwater mollusk Biomphalaria straminea sampled in a rice field from Corrientes province, Argentina. To this end, 1,768 snails were collected from the cultivated plots and irrigated channels during the flooding periods (from the time of sowing to soon after rice harvesting) between December 2016 and May 2017. We used morphological and molecular analysis to characterize the tetracotyle-type metacercariae. Its morphological traits and the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2 plus 5.8S; ~1200 pb) from nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were amplified and sequenced. From 1,768 specimens of B. straminea screened, 52 were found infected with metacercariae of tetracotyle type (2.9%) that were identified as Cotylurus genus. A total of 218 metacercariae were found encysted in the ovotestis or between the mantle and viscera of B. straminea. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the metacercarial rDNA sequences shared 94% identity with those of Cotylurus gallinulae from Mexico and 100% identity with those of Cotylurus sp. from Brazil. In this study, the morphological descriptions are supplemented with the first molecular identification of a metacercaria related to Cotylurus parasitizing planorbids from Argentina. Also, our study provides a new morphological description in B. straminea, thus broadening the geographical distribution. The life cycle of this Cotylurus metacercariae is unknown and there are no reports of adult stages parasitizing waterfowl in Argentina.Fil: Fernández, María Virginia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Hamann, Mónika Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Davies, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Instituto de Patología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Lauthier, Juan José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Instituto de Patología Experimental; Argentina. Kochi University. Kochi Medical School; JapónFil: Davies, Dora Ana. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; Argentin