BREEDING MAIZE FOR RESISTANCE TO NORTHERN LEAF BLIGHT (Exserohilum turcicum Pass.)

Siva pjegavost lista kukuruza koju uzrokuje gljiva Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) najvažnija je lisna bolest kukuruza u humidnom području. Prvi hibridi kukuruza u SAD-u bili su osjetljivi prema ovoj bolesti. Zbog toga je započet program oplemenjivanja na otpornost koji se pokazao vrlo uspješnim. Rabljena je poligenetska i monogenetska otpornost. Međutim nakon 15 godina široke i neprekidne uporabe monogenetske otpornosti u SAD-u dolazi do pojave novog patotipa Exserohilum turcicum, rase 2, koja je kasnije nazvana rasa 1 budući da protiv nje gen Ht 1 nije djelotvoran. Nova rasa se brzo raširila u Americi, a kasnije i u Hrvatskoj. U svrhu proučavanja otpornosti kukuruza prema rasi 1 Exserohilum turcicum posijan je 2008. godine pokus sa 75 linija različitog porijekla. Linije iz heterotične grupe BSSS su bile osjetljive prema rasi 1 Exserohilum turcicum s prosječnom ocjenom 3,0, dok su linije iz heterotične grupe Lancaster otporne s prosječnom ocjenom 2,0. U drugom pokusu 2012. godine ispitana je otpornost 25 linija kukuruza prema rasi 0 i rasi 1 s ciljem da se utvrdi koje su linije otporne prema obje rase Exserohilum turcicum. Linije Pa875, Bc210K, H102, Bc1411, Pa887P, H111 i H95 otporne su p rema obje rasi 0 i r asi 1 Exserohilum turcicum. Monogenetska otpornost prema rasi 1 unesena je u 4 linije kukuruza (A632, Bc31002, Bc703-19 i Bc14).Northern leaf blight, caused by the fungus Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) is the most important leaf disease of maize in humid environments. The first maize hybrids in the United States were susceptible to this disease. Therefore, breeding program for resistance was initiated and proved to be very successful. Polygenic and monogenic resistance were used. However, after 15 years of continuous and extensive use of monogenic resistance in the United States occurrence of a new pathotype of E.turcicum. race 2 was reported, which was later named race 1, because Ht 1 gene was not effective against it. New race quickly spread throughout the United States, and later in Croatia. To study maize resistance to race 1 of E. turcicum a trial was planted with 75 lines of different origin in 2008. The lines from the BSSS heterotic group were susceptible to race 1 of Exserohilum turcicum with average rating 3,0, while the lines from the Lancaster heterotic group were resistant with average rating 2,0. In the second experiment in 2012., 25 maize lines were tsted for resistance to race 0 and race 1 to detect lines resistant to both races of Exserohilum turcicum. Lines Pa875, Bc210K, H102, Bc1411, Pa887P, H111 and H95 appear to be resistant to both race 0 and race 1 of Exserohilum turcicum. Monogenic otpornost resistance to race 1 was incorporated into four maize lines (A632, Bc31002, Bc703-19 i Bc14)

BREEDING MAIZE FOR RESISTANCE TO NORTHERN LEAF BLIGHT (Exserohilum turcicum Pass.)

Siva pjegavost lista kukuruza koju uzrokuje gljiva Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) najvažnija je lisna bolest kukuruza u humidnom području. Prvi hibridi kukuruza u SAD-u bili su osjetljivi prema ovoj bolesti. Zbog toga je započet program oplemenjivanja na otpornost koji se pokazao vrlo uspješnim. Rabljena je poligenetska i monogenetska otpornost. Međutim nakon 15 godina široke i neprekidne uporabe monogenetske otpornosti u SAD-u dolazi do pojave novog patotipa Exserohilum turcicum, rase 2, koja je kasnije nazvana rasa 1 budući da protiv nje gen Ht 1 nije djelotvoran. Nova rasa se brzo raširila u Americi, a kasnije i u Hrvatskoj. U svrhu proučavanja otpornosti kukuruza prema rasi 1 Exserohilum turcicum posijan je 2008. godine pokus sa 75 linija različitog porijekla. Linije iz heterotične grupe BSSS su bile osjetljive prema rasi 1 Exserohilum turcicum s prosječnom ocjenom 3,0, dok su linije iz heterotične grupe Lancaster otporne s prosječnom ocjenom 2,0. U drugom pokusu 2012. godine ispitana je otpornost 25 linija kukuruza prema rasi 0 i rasi 1 s ciljem da se utvrdi koje su linije otporne prema obje rase Exserohilum turcicum. Linije Pa875, Bc210K, H102, Bc1411, Pa887P, H111 i H95 otporne su p rema obje rasi 0 i r asi 1 Exserohilum turcicum. Monogenetska otpornost prema rasi 1 unesena je u 4 linije kukuruza (A632, Bc31002, Bc703-19 i Bc14).Northern leaf blight, caused by the fungus Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) is the most important leaf disease of maize in humid environments. The first maize hybrids in the United States were susceptible to this disease. Therefore, breeding program for resistance was initiated and proved to be very successful. Polygenic and monogenic resistance were used. However, after 15 years of continuous and extensive use of monogenic resistance in the United States occurrence of a new pathotype of E.turcicum. race 2 was reported, which was later named race 1, because Ht 1 gene was not effective against it. New race quickly spread throughout the United States, and later in Croatia. To study maize resistance to race 1 of E. turcicum a trial was planted with 75 lines of different origin in 2008. The lines from the BSSS heterotic group were susceptible to race 1 of Exserohilum turcicum with average rating 3,0, while the lines from the Lancaster heterotic group were resistant with average rating 2,0. In the second experiment in 2012., 25 maize lines were tsted for resistance to race 0 and race 1 to detect lines resistant to both races of Exserohilum turcicum. Lines Pa875, Bc210K, H102, Bc1411, Pa887P, H111 and H95 appear to be resistant to both race 0 and race 1 of Exserohilum turcicum. Monogenic otpornost resistance to race 1 was incorporated into four maize lines (A632, Bc31002, Bc703-19 i Bc14)

Ružička days : International conference 16th Ružička Days “Today Science – Tomorrow Industry” : Proceedings

Proceedings contains articles presented at Conference divided into sections: open lecture (1), chemical analysis and synthesis (3), chemical and biochemical engineering (8), food technology and biotechnology (8), medical chemistry and pharmacy (3), environmental protection (11) and meeting of young chemists (2)

Preparation and characterization of mini-tablets

Lurasidon-hidroklorid je djelatna tvar izrazito male topljivosti u vodenom mediju što otežava njegovu primjenu u liječenju psihičkih poremećaja. S ciljem povećanja njegove topljivosti pripravljene su čvrste disperzije djelatne tvari u matrici hidrofilnog polimera, poli(etilen-glikola) (PEG) procesom liofilizacije. Dobivene čvrste disperzije karakterizirane su diferencijalnom pretražnom kalorimetrijom, rendgenskom difrakcijskom analizom praha i infracrvenom spektroskopijom. Testirana je prividna topljivost djelatne tvari u čvrstim disperzijama. U pripravi minitableta promjera 3 mm korišteni su liofilizati i granulirane mješavine s ugrađenom djelatnom tvari. Korišteni su manitol, natrijeva kroskarmeloza te mikrokristalna celuloza kao pomoćne tvari. Karakterizacija minitableta uključivala je ispitivanje ujednačenosti masa te testiranje njihove raspadljivosti. Vrijeme raspadljivosti za sve tablete manje je od 3 minute. Profili oslobađanja ukazuju na poboljšanu topljivost i brže oslobađanje djelatne tvari iz minitableta pripravljenih iz čvrstih disperzija u odnosu na one koje sadrže čisti netretirani lurasidon-hidroklorid (LRS HCl) i one s granuliranom mješavinom djelatne tvari i polimera. Dodatno, minitablete pokazuju brže oslobađanje djelatne tvari u odnosu na raspadljiv oralni dozirni oblik promjera 8 mm. Testirana je primjenjivost modela u opisu profila oslobađanja lurasidon-hidroklorida.Lurasidone hydrochloride is a drug of extremely low solubility in an aqueous medium, which makes it difficult to use in the treatment od mental disorders. In order to increase its solubility, solid dispersions of a drug in a hydrophilic polymer matrix, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were prepared by the lyophilization process. Obtained solid dispersions were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder difraction analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The apparent solubility of drug was tested in solid dispersions. Lyophilisates and granulated mixtures with incoporated active substance were used in the preparation of mini-tablets with 3 mm in diameter. Mannitol, sodium croscarmellose and microcrystalline cellulose were used as excipients. Characterization of mini-tablets involved testing the mass uniforimity and its disintegration. Disintegration time for all tablets was less than 3 minutes. Release profiles indicate improved solubility and faster drug release from mini-tablets prepared from solid dispersions in comparison to those containing pure untreated lurasidone hydrochloride (LRS HCl) and those with granulated mixture of drug and polymer. Additionally, mini-tablets show faster drug release in comparision to the disintegrated oral dosage form with 8 mm in diameter. The applicability of models was tested to describe release profiles for lurasidone hydrochloride

Fluidized bed drying - Influence of process parameters on drying kinetics and crystal morphology

U ovom je radu istražena kinetika sušenja natrijeve soli cirkonija u različitim laboratorijskim sušionicima. Odabrana su dva vakuum sušionika, jedan s pliticama i jedan rotacijski te sušionik s fluidiziranim slojem. Osim vrste sušionika, istražen je i utjecaj početnog sadržaja vlage materijala kao i temperature na kinetiku sušenja i morfološka svojstva osušenih kristala. Kinetika sušenja praćena je gravimetrijski u vakuum sušionicima te psihrometrijski u sušioniku s fluidiziranim slojem. U sušioniku s fluidiziranim slojem također je istraženo može li se bliskom infracrvenom spektroskopijom (NIR, engl. Near InfraRed) pratiti kinetika sušenja. Mjerni podaci aproksimirani su Lewisovim i Pageovim matematičkim modelom te je za svaku vrstu sušionika odabran model koji uz najviši stupanj korelacije opisuje kinetiku sušenja. Parametri oba modela dovedeni su u vezu s uvjetima provedbe procesa sušenja. Rezultati su pokazali da vrsta sušionika i temperatura utječu na kinetiku sušenja i morfologiju kristala. Veće brzine sušenja ostvarene su pri višim temperaturama. Pri nižim temperaturama sušenje je brže u sušioniku s fluidiziranim slojem, a pri višim temperaturama u vakuum sušionicima. U rotacijskom vakuum sušioniku i u sušioniku s fluidiziranim slojem dolazi do loma kristala. Bliska infracrvena spektroskopija pokazala se kao dobra metoda praćenja kinetike sušenja u fluidiziranom sloju.This paper explores drying kinetics of zirconium sodium salt in different laboratory dryers. Drying was performed in two vacuum dryers, a tray dryer, a rotary dryer and a fluid bed dryer. Additionally, the effect of starting humidity levels and temperature on drying kinetics and morphological properties of dried crystals was explored. Drying kinetics was monitored gravimetrically in vacuum dryers and psychrometrically in fluid bed dryer. The possibility of monitoring drying kinetics with Near InfraRed spectroscopy in fluid bed dryer was also explored. Measurements were approximated with Lewis and Page mathematical models and the model with the highest correlation coefficient that was selected for each dryer. The parameters of both models were correlated with drying conditions. The results show that the type of dryer and the temperature affect drying kinetics and morphology of the crystals. At lower temperatures, drying was faster in fluid bed dryer whereas when the temperatures were higher, drying was faster in vacuum dryers. In rotational vacuum dryer and fluid bed dryer the crystals broke. Near InfraRed spectroscopy proved to be a good method for monitoring drying kinetics in a fluidized bed

Fluidized bed drying - Influence of process parameters on drying kinetics and crystal morphology

U ovom je radu istražena kinetika sušenja natrijeve soli cirkonija u različitim laboratorijskim sušionicima. Odabrana su dva vakuum sušionika, jedan s pliticama i jedan rotacijski te sušionik s fluidiziranim slojem. Osim vrste sušionika, istražen je i utjecaj početnog sadržaja vlage materijala kao i temperature na kinetiku sušenja i morfološka svojstva osušenih kristala. Kinetika sušenja praćena je gravimetrijski u vakuum sušionicima te psihrometrijski u sušioniku s fluidiziranim slojem. U sušioniku s fluidiziranim slojem također je istraženo može li se bliskom infracrvenom spektroskopijom (NIR, engl. Near InfraRed) pratiti kinetika sušenja. Mjerni podaci aproksimirani su Lewisovim i Pageovim matematičkim modelom te je za svaku vrstu sušionika odabran model koji uz najviši stupanj korelacije opisuje kinetiku sušenja. Parametri oba modela dovedeni su u vezu s uvjetima provedbe procesa sušenja. Rezultati su pokazali da vrsta sušionika i temperatura utječu na kinetiku sušenja i morfologiju kristala. Veće brzine sušenja ostvarene su pri višim temperaturama. Pri nižim temperaturama sušenje je brže u sušioniku s fluidiziranim slojem, a pri višim temperaturama u vakuum sušionicima. U rotacijskom vakuum sušioniku i u sušioniku s fluidiziranim slojem dolazi do loma kristala. Bliska infracrvena spektroskopija pokazala se kao dobra metoda praćenja kinetike sušenja u fluidiziranom sloju.This paper explores drying kinetics of zirconium sodium salt in different laboratory dryers. Drying was performed in two vacuum dryers, a tray dryer, a rotary dryer and a fluid bed dryer. Additionally, the effect of starting humidity levels and temperature on drying kinetics and morphological properties of dried crystals was explored. Drying kinetics was monitored gravimetrically in vacuum dryers and psychrometrically in fluid bed dryer. The possibility of monitoring drying kinetics with Near InfraRed spectroscopy in fluid bed dryer was also explored. Measurements were approximated with Lewis and Page mathematical models and the model with the highest correlation coefficient that was selected for each dryer. The parameters of both models were correlated with drying conditions. The results show that the type of dryer and the temperature affect drying kinetics and morphology of the crystals. At lower temperatures, drying was faster in fluid bed dryer whereas when the temperatures were higher, drying was faster in vacuum dryers. In rotational vacuum dryer and fluid bed dryer the crystals broke. Near InfraRed spectroscopy proved to be a good method for monitoring drying kinetics in a fluidized bed

Fluidized bed drying - Influence of process parameters on drying kinetics and crystal morphology

U ovom je radu istražena kinetika sušenja natrijeve soli cirkonija u različitim laboratorijskim sušionicima. Odabrana su dva vakuum sušionika, jedan s pliticama i jedan rotacijski te sušionik s fluidiziranim slojem. Osim vrste sušionika, istražen je i utjecaj početnog sadržaja vlage materijala kao i temperature na kinetiku sušenja i morfološka svojstva osušenih kristala. Kinetika sušenja praćena je gravimetrijski u vakuum sušionicima te psihrometrijski u sušioniku s fluidiziranim slojem. U sušioniku s fluidiziranim slojem također je istraženo može li se bliskom infracrvenom spektroskopijom (NIR, engl. Near InfraRed) pratiti kinetika sušenja. Mjerni podaci aproksimirani su Lewisovim i Pageovim matematičkim modelom te je za svaku vrstu sušionika odabran model koji uz najviši stupanj korelacije opisuje kinetiku sušenja. Parametri oba modela dovedeni su u vezu s uvjetima provedbe procesa sušenja. Rezultati su pokazali da vrsta sušionika i temperatura utječu na kinetiku sušenja i morfologiju kristala. Veće brzine sušenja ostvarene su pri višim temperaturama. Pri nižim temperaturama sušenje je brže u sušioniku s fluidiziranim slojem, a pri višim temperaturama u vakuum sušionicima. U rotacijskom vakuum sušioniku i u sušioniku s fluidiziranim slojem dolazi do loma kristala. Bliska infracrvena spektroskopija pokazala se kao dobra metoda praćenja kinetike sušenja u fluidiziranom sloju.This paper explores drying kinetics of zirconium sodium salt in different laboratory dryers. Drying was performed in two vacuum dryers, a tray dryer, a rotary dryer and a fluid bed dryer. Additionally, the effect of starting humidity levels and temperature on drying kinetics and morphological properties of dried crystals was explored. Drying kinetics was monitored gravimetrically in vacuum dryers and psychrometrically in fluid bed dryer. The possibility of monitoring drying kinetics with Near InfraRed spectroscopy in fluid bed dryer was also explored. Measurements were approximated with Lewis and Page mathematical models and the model with the highest correlation coefficient that was selected for each dryer. The parameters of both models were correlated with drying conditions. The results show that the type of dryer and the temperature affect drying kinetics and morphology of the crystals. At lower temperatures, drying was faster in fluid bed dryer whereas when the temperatures were higher, drying was faster in vacuum dryers. In rotational vacuum dryer and fluid bed dryer the crystals broke. Near InfraRed spectroscopy proved to be a good method for monitoring drying kinetics in a fluidized bed

Preparation and characterization of mini-tablets

Lurasidon-hidroklorid je djelatna tvar izrazito male topljivosti u vodenom mediju što otežava njegovu primjenu u liječenju psihičkih poremećaja. S ciljem povećanja njegove topljivosti pripravljene su čvrste disperzije djelatne tvari u matrici hidrofilnog polimera, poli(etilen-glikola) (PEG) procesom liofilizacije. Dobivene čvrste disperzije karakterizirane su diferencijalnom pretražnom kalorimetrijom, rendgenskom difrakcijskom analizom praha i infracrvenom spektroskopijom. Testirana je prividna topljivost djelatne tvari u čvrstim disperzijama. U pripravi minitableta promjera 3 mm korišteni su liofilizati i granulirane mješavine s ugrađenom djelatnom tvari. Korišteni su manitol, natrijeva kroskarmeloza te mikrokristalna celuloza kao pomoćne tvari. Karakterizacija minitableta uključivala je ispitivanje ujednačenosti masa te testiranje njihove raspadljivosti. Vrijeme raspadljivosti za sve tablete manje je od 3 minute. Profili oslobađanja ukazuju na poboljšanu topljivost i brže oslobađanje djelatne tvari iz minitableta pripravljenih iz čvrstih disperzija u odnosu na one koje sadrže čisti netretirani lurasidon-hidroklorid (LRS HCl) i one s granuliranom mješavinom djelatne tvari i polimera. Dodatno, minitablete pokazuju brže oslobađanje djelatne tvari u odnosu na raspadljiv oralni dozirni oblik promjera 8 mm. Testirana je primjenjivost modela u opisu profila oslobađanja lurasidon-hidroklorida.Lurasidone hydrochloride is a drug of extremely low solubility in an aqueous medium, which makes it difficult to use in the treatment od mental disorders. In order to increase its solubility, solid dispersions of a drug in a hydrophilic polymer matrix, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were prepared by the lyophilization process. Obtained solid dispersions were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder difraction analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The apparent solubility of drug was tested in solid dispersions. Lyophilisates and granulated mixtures with incoporated active substance were used in the preparation of mini-tablets with 3 mm in diameter. Mannitol, sodium croscarmellose and microcrystalline cellulose were used as excipients. Characterization of mini-tablets involved testing the mass uniforimity and its disintegration. Disintegration time for all tablets was less than 3 minutes. Release profiles indicate improved solubility and faster drug release from mini-tablets prepared from solid dispersions in comparison to those containing pure untreated lurasidone hydrochloride (LRS HCl) and those with granulated mixture of drug and polymer. Additionally, mini-tablets show faster drug release in comparision to the disintegrated oral dosage form with 8 mm in diameter. The applicability of models was tested to describe release profiles for lurasidone hydrochloride

Preparation and characterization of mini-tablets

Lurasidon-hidroklorid je djelatna tvar izrazito male topljivosti u vodenom mediju što otežava njegovu primjenu u liječenju psihičkih poremećaja. S ciljem povećanja njegove topljivosti pripravljene su čvrste disperzije djelatne tvari u matrici hidrofilnog polimera, poli(etilen-glikola) (PEG) procesom liofilizacije. Dobivene čvrste disperzije karakterizirane su diferencijalnom pretražnom kalorimetrijom, rendgenskom difrakcijskom analizom praha i infracrvenom spektroskopijom. Testirana je prividna topljivost djelatne tvari u čvrstim disperzijama. U pripravi minitableta promjera 3 mm korišteni su liofilizati i granulirane mješavine s ugrađenom djelatnom tvari. Korišteni su manitol, natrijeva kroskarmeloza te mikrokristalna celuloza kao pomoćne tvari. Karakterizacija minitableta uključivala je ispitivanje ujednačenosti masa te testiranje njihove raspadljivosti. Vrijeme raspadljivosti za sve tablete manje je od 3 minute. Profili oslobađanja ukazuju na poboljšanu topljivost i brže oslobađanje djelatne tvari iz minitableta pripravljenih iz čvrstih disperzija u odnosu na one koje sadrže čisti netretirani lurasidon-hidroklorid (LRS HCl) i one s granuliranom mješavinom djelatne tvari i polimera. Dodatno, minitablete pokazuju brže oslobađanje djelatne tvari u odnosu na raspadljiv oralni dozirni oblik promjera 8 mm. Testirana je primjenjivost modela u opisu profila oslobađanja lurasidon-hidroklorida.Lurasidone hydrochloride is a drug of extremely low solubility in an aqueous medium, which makes it difficult to use in the treatment od mental disorders. In order to increase its solubility, solid dispersions of a drug in a hydrophilic polymer matrix, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were prepared by the lyophilization process. Obtained solid dispersions were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder difraction analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The apparent solubility of drug was tested in solid dispersions. Lyophilisates and granulated mixtures with incoporated active substance were used in the preparation of mini-tablets with 3 mm in diameter. Mannitol, sodium croscarmellose and microcrystalline cellulose were used as excipients. Characterization of mini-tablets involved testing the mass uniforimity and its disintegration. Disintegration time for all tablets was less than 3 minutes. Release profiles indicate improved solubility and faster drug release from mini-tablets prepared from solid dispersions in comparison to those containing pure untreated lurasidone hydrochloride (LRS HCl) and those with granulated mixture of drug and polymer. Additionally, mini-tablets show faster drug release in comparision to the disintegrated oral dosage form with 8 mm in diameter. The applicability of models was tested to describe release profiles for lurasidone hydrochloride

Ružička days : International conference 18th Ružička Days “Today Science – Tomorrow Industry” : Proceedings

Proceedings contains articles presented at Conference divided into sections: chemical analysis and synthesis, chemical and biochemical engineering, food technology and biotechnology, medical chemistry and pharmacy, environmental protection and meeting of young chemists